Unit Test Feedback

1. Unit Test Feedback

2. Humanism Description Analysis One of the first steps towards a world where the Church has less power over the minds of Europeans. Humanists wanted people to be focused on the power of the individual In political life this meant, educated people had a responsibility to use one’s learning to benefit society Some humanist reformers attacked Church abuses and lack of rational thought – opening up the Church for more attacks during the Reformation By using perspective, humanist artists showed that art was made by the individual and attempted to depict realistic portrayals of people in natural settings as opposed to using art for transcendent purposes • Renaissance – 1350-1550 • Male, urban, educated elites that worked for the courts of important European states • Did not abandon Christianity but attempted to revive classical learning of Greeks and Romans • More interested in secular and material world than using knowledge to understand religious texts

3. Machiavelli Description Analysis Challenged Medieval understanding that said rulers earned the right to be obeyed by acting as good Christians Created new idea of virtue Must be able to act immorally – commit acts of cruelty and deception in order to maintain authority and do great things The state acts outside morality – does whatever is necessary to maintain its power and do great things Need a strong ruler to unite a country – he wants Italy to be like the monarchs in Spain, France and Britain State is made by a powerful person not by God – Separation of Church and State • Italian philosopher and diplomat • 1469-1527 • Worked for the Medici family in Florence • Famous for writing the Prince – handbook for rulers • Some famous quotes

4. Columbus Description Analysis Established permanent settlements in the Americas that were used to extract resources for the benefit of Spanish Empire From these precious metals European states were able to become dominant economic power in the world Attempted to Christianize local population and use them as slave labour Brought diseases and war that quickly decimated the population of indigenous people • Italian explorer • 1450-1506 • Sailed for Spanish crown to find a new trade route to India to access spices • Forced to do this because land route controlled by Ottomans • Arrived in the Americas in 1492

5. Martin Luther Description Analysis His religious attacks split the Church and separated Europe into states that were Protestant and Catholic This led to religious conflict between countries and groups – Thirty Years War Influence of teachings, increased the power of individualism, allowed own interpretation which was used by peasants to revolt against unfair treatment in Germany Emphasis on reading the Bible to understand religion meant an increase in literacy rates Increased equality Anti-semitism • Dates that he lived • German priest and teacher that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church • Wrote 95 Theses, date, that attacked the corruption and sale of indulgences • Main teachings – priesthood of all believers and salvation by faith alone

6. Printing Press Description Analysis Used to spread humanist ideas around Europe during the Renaissance and Luther’s attacks during the Reformation Created lots of anti - papal propaganda – reached beyond educated elites Literacy rate goes up by 20 % in 60 years • Invented by Johannes Guttenberg • 1450 • Made printing books faster and cheaper • 7 x more books printed in 1524 than in the previous 5 years • During Reformation, many were purchased in large German cities

7. Paragraph AnswersRenaissanceImportant to give specific examples as evidence • Individual • Humanist ideas – art- perspective, classical elements, portraits, Renaissance man • Luther’s ideas – salvation by faith alone • Secular • Benefiting society not church • Attacking church abuses • Machiavelli ideas – ruler acts outside morality of Church • Luther’s dignity of work

8. Reformation Yes No Broke power of Ottomans – control over trade network Spread Christianity and gave new life to Catholic Church after Reformation Economic strength of Europe Created new European Empires – Spain and Portugal Created rivalries between European powers over control of colonies and resources Human rights become an issue – treatment of Native populations and African slaves Created demand for new products • Literacy rates go up • Split religious unity of Europe • Monasteries closed • Clergy married • The idea of equality - All people apart of the religious community – priesthood of all believers – no divide between priests and regular people • With this - Dignity of work – secular work as import as religious professions • Local church became center of community activity • Family became important – reading Bible at home – Translation of Bible into German massively important • Protestant Schools / Universities created and literacy increased among males and females – goals of humanists furthered- Latin, Greek, logic, literature • Promotion of vernacular languages – communicated in writing and preaching – growth of nationalism