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Avian Anatomy and Physiology: Insights into Bird Characteristics

Explore the fascinating characteristics of birds, from integumentary features like feathers to circulatory, nervous, and digestive systems. Learn about their unique reproductive methods, evolved from reptiles, and diverse habitats.

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Avian Anatomy and Physiology: Insights into Bird Characteristics

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  1. BIRDS Class Aves

  2. Characteristics • Integumentary • Feathers, bipedal (two legs covered in scales), syrinx (song box) • Skeletal • Endoskeleton; hollow bones; most can fly, large muscles for flight

  3. Domestic pigeon Right atrium Left atrium Left ventricle Right ventricle Heart Complete division Characteristics • Circulatory • 4 chambered heart, 2 separate loops, complete separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood • Reproductive • Internal fertilization, oviparous, amniotic eggs with hard outer shells

  4. Characteristics • Nervous • Brain, adapted to quickly interpret signals, keen sight, good hearing, poor smell and taste • Respiratory • Lungs & posterior air sacs for gas exchange, air flows in a single direction, helps maintain metabolic rate

  5. Brain When a bird eats, food moves down the esophagus and is stored in the crop. Esophagus Lung Heart Kidney Crop Air sac Liver Firstchamberof stomach Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard. Pancreas Large intestine Gizzard Smallintestine Undigested food is excreted through the cloaca. Cloaca The muscular walls of the gizzard squeeze the contents, while small stones grind the food. As digestion continues, the food moves through the intestines. Characteristics • Digestive • Beaks that are adapted to type of food they eat, no teeth, crop, stomach, and gizzard • Excretory • Uric acid deposited in cloaca where water is absorbed

  6. Characteristics • Body Temperature • Endothermic • Habitat • Land, migrate

  7. Evolution • Evolved from extinct reptiles

  8. Groups of Birds • Pelican & Relatives • Birds of Prey • Parrots • Cavity-nesting birds • Perching birds 6. Herons & Relatives 7. Ostriches & Relatives

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