Transformation in Europe

1. Transformation in Europe 1400-1800

2. Objectives • How did exploration and the convergence of the old and new world’s contribute to the rise of European power? • How did the migration of peoples affect different areas of the world politically, socially, and economically? • How did new ways of thinking challenge traditional authority and usher in the “Age of Revolutions?” • How did the governments of Europe change and affect conflict between the social classes? • How did mercantilism and capitalism drive the slave trade and create a new global interdependence and political tensions?

3. Why Explore? • With a partner address the following: • Define discovery • What are the benefits and costs of exploration? • What are the top three reasons for exploration? • Would you have decided to go explore? • Crash Course Video- 15th Century Maritime Explorers

4. Exploration: Reasons to Explore Benefits Costs Getting lost, possible death New technology not perfect Weather Unknown inhabitants Disease and death Communication nonexistent Lack of food and resources Political support and financing=risk and possible failure • Gold, Glory, and God • Direct route to Asia for spices=direct access to goods=lmore profitable • Humanism and curiosity • European monarchs competed to find new routes, territory • Desire to spread Christianity • Rewards for explorers • Possible boom in economy=trade and jobs

5. Comparing Ming China and Europe • Ming China (1368-1644) • Disrupted by Mongols and plague • Eliminate signs of foreign rule • Promotion of Confucian learning • Reestablish civil service exam • Created highly centralized gov’t • Maritime venture • Important sailors and traders in region-Zheng He • Launched fleet in 1405 • 28 years of expeditions • No intention of conquering or establishing settlements • Abruptly stopped in 1433 • Waste of resources • Lost gov’t support • Western Europe • Cultural renewal and state building • Independent and competitive states • Renaissance traditions • Humanism • Challenge to traditional ideas • Curiosity • Patrons finance endeavors • Maritime voyaging • Portuguese begin c. 1415 • 1492-Columbus reaches Americas • 1497-1498-Da Gama sails around Africa to India • Small compared to Chinese • Unlike Chinese, Euro. seeking wealth, converts, territory • Violence to carve out empires • Europe’s voyages escalate • No political authority to stop • Competition • Elite support and interested • Europe needs resources, greater riches, food production

6. How does Spain and Portugal differ in their motives for exploring? Portugal Spain Threes G’s GOAL: Colonize and set up Spanish settlements, resources, exploitation Conquistadors: Cortes conquers Aztecs (central Mexico) and Pizarro conquers Inca (Peru) European guns, germs, and steel Decimation of population Treaty of Tordesillas Animal hides, sugar, tobacco SILVER mining • First to venture into I.O. • GOAL: trade monopoly of I.O. trade (Africa and Asia)=SPICES • Set up naval bases and trading forts along coast of Africa and India • Henry the Navigator-map making, promoted exploration • Dias-1497 Cape of Good Hope • Colonized Brazil • East of Line of Demarcation • Sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton=slave trade

7. Outline • Migration of peoples: • Columbian Exchange • Slave trade • Social changes: • Protestant and Catholic reformations • Scientific Revolution • Enlightenment • Political changes: • State Development • Absolutism vs. Constitutionalism • Economic changes: • Mercantilism and capitalism • Global trade • Rise of the bourgeoisie, joint stock, and stock exchanges

8. Population Growth and Urbanization • Rapidly growing population due to Columbian Exchange • Improved nutrition • Role of the potato (considered an aphrodisiac in 16th and 17th centuries) • Replaces bread as staple of diet • Better nutrition reduces susceptibility to plague • Epidemic disease becomes insignificant for overall population decline by mid-17th century

9. Population Growth in Europe

10. Urbanization

11. Cause and Effect • Question: What social and economic changes occurred due to Europe’s expansion around the globe?

12. Mercantilism • Extraction and shipment of gold and silver = money from New World Old World • Precious metals from Andes and Mesoamerica=rising share of world’s supply of silver • England and others want to share in wealth of Spain and Port. • Failed to find much mining wealth BUT abundance of resources and fertile lands to cultivate tobacco, sugar cane, rice, indigo • New economic philosophy • World’s wealth is fixed • One country’s wealth could be increased at another’s expense • Overseas possessions exist for the benefit of European “motherlands” • Colonies closed to competitors • Hobbes “Wealth is power and power is wealth”

14. Early Capitalism • Private parties offer goods and services on a free market • Own means of production • Private initiative, not government control • Supply and demand determines prices • Banks, stock exchanges develop in early modern period • Joint-Stock Companies (English East India Company) • Relationship with empire-building

15. The Bourgeoisie • Urban bourgeoisie thrived on manufacturing, finance, and trade • Netherland’s growth of Amsterdam was built on trade and finance and exemplifies power of 17th century bourgeoisie • Forged mutually beneficial relationships with the monarchs, built ethnic and family networks=facilitation of trade around the world • Partnerships between merchants and gov’t=joint stock companies

16. Impact of Capitalism on Social Order • Rural life • Improved access to manufactured goods • Increasing opportunities in urban centers begins depletion of the rural population • Inefficient institution of serfdom abandoned in western Europe, retained in Russia until 19th century • Nuclear families replace extended families • Gender changes as women enter income-earning work force • Exploitation of workers ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

17. Capitalism and Morality • Adam Smith (1723-1790) argued that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole • What do you think about this statement?? • But major social change increases poverty in some sectors • Rise in crime • Witch-hunting a possible consequence of capitalist tensions and gender roles

18. Old vs. New World Crops… • Read the article The Columbian Exchange • Purpose for reading: • What is the Columbian exchange? • What were the major consequences, both + and --? • How is this event a turning point in history? • Columbian Exchange Video

19. Migration: Columbian Exchange • New era of interaction • Catastrophe and opportunity • Disease • Intercontinental exchange of plants and animals Devastation of Amerindian Population • Western hemisphere: 33-50 million 4.5 million (smallpox, measles, whooping cough influenza, plague) • Up to 90% of population dies Benefits of Columbian exchange • Exchange of food sources=facilitated pop. Growth • Cassava, maize, white and sweet potato Africa, China, and Europe • Domesticated animals to the New World, • Long run=increase world pop. More than 10x: 500 mill6 bill.

21. Migration: The Slave Trade • Enforced migration, captives against their will • Africa contributed more immigrants to New World than did Europe • Trading in African slaves not new (Romans, Arabs and Saharan caravans, Eastern Africa Indian Ocean trade) • Europeans reoriented the trade routes of Africa to the Atlantic coast • Trade increased on the Western African coastal cities • Under 1000 1451-75 7500 per year in first ½ of 17th cent. 50,000 through the 18th and ½ of 19th cent. 10 million or more • Atlantic Slave Trade Video

25. Triangular Trade 1. European manufactured goods (especially firearms) sent to Africa 2. African slaves purchased and sent to Americas 3. Cash crops purchased in Americas and returned to Europe

26. The Middle Passage • African slaves captured by raiding parties, force-marched to holding pens at coast • Middle passage under horrific conditions • 4-6 weeks • Mortality initially high, often over 50%, eventually declined to 5% • Total slave traffic, 15th-18th c.: 12 million • Approximately 4 million killed before arrival

27. The Middle Passage

30. African Exports Per Year

31. Slave Destinations

32. Regional Differences • Caribbean, South America: African population unable to maintain numbers through natural means • Malaria, yellow fever • Brutal working conditions, sanitation, nutrition • Gender imbalance • Constant importation of slaves • North America: less disease, more normal sex ratio • Slave families encouraged as prices rise in 18th century

33. Slaves and Economic Importance • Direct proportion to the expansion of the sugar plantation economy in Caribbean after 1650 • France held richest, single sugar colony in Caribbean Haiti • Cheaper to work them to death and buy replacements • Fared “better” in North America

34. Slaves and Africa • Slave trade influence rise and fall of individual states in Africa • Slaves represent main forms of wealth • Source of labor, a means for their owners to increase wealth • Trade in slaves means of further increase in wealth, for the state or private owners • Africans active participants in slave trade • African business control trade up to water’s edge • Europeans lacked military strength, immunity, and knowledge of interior • New community of African-Portuguese traders born and had children

35. Debate over full effect of slave trade on Africa: • Dire economic consequences or small relative to the total size of Africa’s population and internal economy • Lost opportunities for African development due to export of so many millions of strongest and most resilient men and women • Africa receives new crops maize staple foods and may actually have sustained population more than the export of slaves depleted it • Establishment of new African-American population in the western hemisphere

36. Social Changes • Religious Reformation • Scientific Revolution • Enlightenment

37. Religious Reformation • 1500 Catholic Church benefited from European prosperity • Selling INDULGENCES to build St. Peter’s basilica • German Monk, Martin Luther, challenges corruption of church salvation could only be achieved by FAITH alone • Writes and posts 95 THESES against sale of indulgences reproduced quickly with new printing technology • excommunicated by church in 1521 • Actions paved way for other reformers and began the Protestant Reformation • John Calvin Calvinism • Weakened churches authority and loss of followers to other branches of Christianity

38. Martin Luther

39. 95 Theses

44. Catholic Reformation • Roman Catholic church reacts • Refining doctrine, missionary activities to Protestants, attempt to renew spiritual activity • Council of Trent (1545-1563) periodic meetings to discuss reform • Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) • Rigorous religious and secular education • Effective missionaries • Series of religious wars ending in 1648

45. Witch Hunts • Most prominent in regions of tension between Catholics and Protestants • Late 15th century development in belief in Devil and human assistants • 16th-17th centuries approximately 110,000 people put on trial, some 60,000 put to death • Vast majority females, usually single, widowed • Held accountable for crop failures, miscarriages, etc. • New England: 234 witches tried, 36 hung

46. The Copernican Universe • Reconception of the Universe • Reliance on 2nd-century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria • Motionless earth inside nine concentric spheres • Christians understand heaven as last sphere • Difficulty reconciling model with observed planetary movement • 1543 Nicholas Copernicus of Poland breaks theory • Notion of moving Earth challenges Christian doctrine • Suppressed by church

47. Scientific Revolution • New ideas spread by books among European intellectuals • Johannes Kepler (Germany, 1571-1630) and Galileo (Italy, 1564-1642) reinforce Copernican model • Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionizes study of physics • Did not believe their ideas were in conflict with religious belief

49. Galileo Newton

50. The Enlightenment • "Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it." –Descartes • “Reason is natural revelation." –John Locke • “In all ages of the world, priests have been enemies of liberty." –David Hume • “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.”- Rousseau • “Common sense is not so common.” –Voltaire • “It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.”-Voltaire