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Explore the life and writings of Thomas Paine, an influential figure in the American Revolution and advocate for freedom of thought. Discover how his ideas shaped the revolutions of his time and continue to inspire today.
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Thomas Paine (1737-1809) - Paine’s writings influenced the American Revolution (1775-1783), the French Revolution (1789-1799), and free thought movements ever since;
“You will do me justice to remember that I have always supported the Right of Man to his own opinion, however different that opinion be from mine.
“…He who denies to another this right makes a slave of himself to his present opinion, because he precludes himself the right of changing it”
"These are the times that try men's souls." This simple quotation from Founding Father Thomas Paine's The American Crisis not only describes the beginnings of the American Revolution, but also the life of Paine himself. Throughout most of his life, his writings inspired passion, but also brought him great criticism. He communicated the ideas of the Revolution to common farmers as easily as to intellectuals, creating prose that stirred the hearts of the fledgling United States. He had a grand vision for society: he was staunchly anti-slavery, and he was one of the first to advocate a world peace organization and social security for the poor and elderly. But his radical views on religion would destroy his success, and by the end of his life, only a handful of people attended his funeral. http://www.ushistory.org/paine/
Brief Biography On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea. This adventure didn't last too long, and by 1768 he found himself as an excise (tax) officer in England. Thomas didn't exactly excel at the role, getting discharged from his post twice in four years, but as an inkling of what was to come, he published The Case of the Officers of Excise (1772), arguing for a pay raise for officers. In 1774, by happenstance, he met Benjamin Franklin in London, who helped him emigrate to Philadelphia. His career turned to journalism while in Philadelphia, and suddenly, Thomas Paine became very important. In 1776, he published Common Sense, a strong defense of American Independence from England. He traveled with the Continental Army and wasn't a success as a soldier, but he produced The American Crisis (1776-83), which helped inspire the Army. This pamphlet was so popular that as a percentage of the population, it was read by or read to more people than today watch the Super Bowl.
But, instead of continuing to help the Revolutionary cause, he returned to Europe and pursued other ventures, including working on a smokeless candle and an iron bridge. In 1791-92, he wrote The Rights of Man in response to criticism of the French Revolution. This work caused Paine to be labeled an outlaw in England for his anti-monarchist views. He would have been arrested, but he fled for France to join the National Convention. By 1793, he was imprisoned in France for not endorsing the execution of Louis XVI. During his imprisonment, he wrote and distributed the first part of what was to become his most famous work at the time, the anti-church text, The Age of Reason (1794-96). He was freed in 1794 (narrowly escaping execution) thanks to the efforts of James Monroe, then U.S. Minister to France. Paine remained in France until 1802 when he returned to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson. Paine discovered that his contributions to the American Revolution had been all but eradicated due to his religious views. Derided by the public and abandoned by his friends, he died on June 8, 1809 at the age of 72 in New York City.
About this Website This website is the outgrowth of the vision of Thomas Kindig, devoted to examining the roots of constitutional government in the United States and around the world. The ushistory.org team who worked on this project included Erik Klemetti, Jonathan Schmalzbach, Douglas Heller, and Mark Biddle. Choose a Work by Thomas Paine... • Common Sense (1776)• The American Crisis (1776-77)• The Rights of Man (1791-92)• Age of Reason (1794, 1795, 1807)
December 23, 1776 THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. Britain, with an army to enforce her tyranny, has declared that she has a right (not only to TAX) but "to BIND us in ALL CASES WHATSOEVER" and if being bound in that manner, is not slavery, then is there not such a thing as slavery upon earth. Even the expression is impious; for so unlimited a power can belong only to God.
James Monroe expressed best the significance of Thomas Paine when he wrote to Congress in 1794... "The services Thomas Paine rendered to his country in its struggle for freedom have implanted in the hearts of his countrymen a sense of gratitude never to be effaced as long as they shall deserve the title of a just and generous people."
he Perennial Patriot... Thomas Paine, the son of a corset-maker, was one of the most influential writers of the American and French Revolutions, more than a century ahead of his time, and still as revolutionary today as he was then. Born January 29th, 1737 in Thetford, England, he failed at almost everything he tried for decades.When he was 12, he failed out of school. He apprenticed to his father, went to sea as a mercenary at 19, and returned to England to open a shop as a master corset-maker. The shop soon failed and shortly after he married his first wife, she became pregnant. A few months later, both she and the baby died in childbirth. In 1768, he became a tax officer in England and was fired twice. He also worked as a school teacher in London and as an ordained Minister for the Church of England while between jobs. In 1771, he married his landlord's daughter and wrote “The Case of the Officers of Excise” which argued for a pay raise for tax officers. He was legally separated from his second wife in 1774, but in the same year, had his first stroke of good luck. At 37, he met Benjamin Franklin in London who wrote him a letter of recommendation to assist in his emigration to Pennsylvania. http://www.usa-patriotism.com/gap/paine_t.htm
Sea voyages were dangerous at the time and he came close to death because the ship’s water supply was contaminated. Five passengers had died of typhoid and Franklin’s personal physician had to carry him off the ship. It took six weeks for him to recover, but was hired as a writer for the Pennsylvania Magazine. He was appointed editor the following year.
In his first article in March 1775, he attacked slavery. Five days later the first anti-slavery society was formed. (Later, in 1779, he introduced an act for the abolition of slavery into the Pennsylvania Assembly, the first Proclamation of Emancipation in America). His second article (April, 1775) attacked the practice of dueling. His August article was an argument titled “The Rights of Women.” In another article, he was the first to write “the United States of America." And in January of 1776, although he had been in America for only a year, he wrote “Common Sense” under a pseudonym because of its treasonous contents. It was a powerful argument for American Independence that inspired the American Revolution. In terms of population of the Colonies at that time, it sold more copies and had greater circulation than any book in American history. Percentage-wise today, it was read by more people than watch the Super Bowl each year. (120,000 copies in the first three months, and 500,000 in the first year.) He donated all of the profits to the Continental Army. He said... ”As my wish was to serve an oppressed people, and assist in a just and good cause, I conceived that the honor of it would be promoted by my declining to make even the usual profits of an author.”
He 1781, Paine traveled to France with Col. John Laurens seeking assistance for the Revolution. He returned to Boston the same year doing what no others had been able to do: bringing 2,500,000 livres in silver, and a convoy ship carrying clothing and military equipment for the Continental Army. In 1787, he joined the Continental Army and wrote the first of 16 pamphlets entitled “The American Crisis”. The first, he wrote on a drum head to inspire the soldiers despite their lack of food, clothing, and supplies. Washington had it read aloud to his troops the night before the Battle of Trenton.“These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value." The Crisis (1st of 16 writings that comprise his "The American Crisis") At the end of the American Revolution, Paine left America for England where he received European patents for both a smokeless candle and an iron bridge, but his career as a revolutionary writer was far from over.
Of his constant travels, he wrote... ”Where Liberty is not, there is my country." From 1791-92, in response to criticism of the French Revolution, he wrote “The Rights of Man” which later became the basis for the rights the English enjoy today. He is still considered by England to be one of the top 50 most important Englishmen in history. At the time though, he was labeled an outlaw for his anti-monarchist views and fled to France. “Common Sense” had been published there in French and was immensely popular and he was quickly elected to the National Convention despite not being able to speak French. But in 1793, he was imprisoned for defending the life of Louis XVI. He said, "I am not the personal enemy of kings. Quite the contrary. No man wishes more heartily than myself to see them all in the happy and honorable state of private individuals; but I am the avowed, open and intrepid enemy of what is called monarchy; and I am such by principles which nothing can either alter or corrupt, by my attachment to humanity, by the anxiety which I feel within myself for the dignity and honor of the human race."
Execution of King Louis XVI While imprisoned, he wrote the first part of what would later become his most famous work at that time, “The Age of Reason”. In it, he argued his belief in Deism, a single God, and the evil of organized religion; “All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.”“There is a happiness in Deism, when rightly understood, that is not to be found in any other system of religion. All other systems have something in them that either shock our reason, or are repugnant to it, and man, if he thinks at all, must stifle his reason in order to force himself to believe them.”
“But in Deism our reason and our belief become happily united. The wonderful structure of the universe, and everything we behold in the system of the creation, prove to us, far better than books can do, the existence of a God, and at the same time proclaim His attributes.” In 1794, he was released and narrowly escaped execution, thanks to the efforts of James Monroe, the U.S. Minister to France, who would later become President. He stayed in France until 1802 when he returned to America on a personal invitation from Thomas Jefferson.
Unfortunately, his life in America until his death in 1809 was one of great difficulty. His contributions to the American Revolution had been essentially erased by the enemies he had made through his writings: Slave holders hated him; members of organized religion called him an atheist; he was blamed for the cruelties of the French Revolution; and the Federalists hated him for advocating the rights of the people and small, local government rather than a powerful, centralized government. He continued to write powerful criticism of the Federalists including Washington, Hamilton, and Adams, to name only a few. About President Washington, he said... ”The character which Mr. Washington has attempted to act in the world is a sort of nondescribable, chameleon-colored thing called prudence. It is, in many cases, a substitute for principle, and is so nearly allied to hypocrisy that it easily slides into it.“ Devoid of friends and abandoned by the public he spent a lifetime sacrificing for, he died on June 8, 1809 at the age of 72 in Greenwich Village, New York City. Only six mourners came to his funeral. His obituary, reprinted nationally, simply read... ”He had lived long, did some good and much harm.“
As Robert G. Ingersoll wrote of his funeral for the North American Review in August, 1892... “In a carriage, a woman and her son who had lived on the bounty of the dead -- on horseback, a Quaker, the humanity of whose heart dominated the creed of his head -- and, following on foot, two negroes filled with gratitude -- constituted the funeral cortege of Thomas Paine.” He was buried in New Rochelle, New York, on the grounds of a loyalist estate given to him by Congress after years of petitioning for compensation. His remains were later disinterred by an admirer, William Thomas Paine Death Mask Cobbett, who wanted them returned to England. Upon Cobbett’s death, Thomas Paine’s bones were later discovered as part of Cobbett’s estate. Their whereabouts are unknown today, but some of Cobbett’s friends’ descendants claim to have his skull and right hand.
Thomas Paine's legacy as the perennial patriot is that his words, like his life, were unafraid to tackle complex questions with honesty and reason, despite social taboos, personal fear, or dangerous consequences. With a rare grace, he navigates centuries of accepted ideas to find truths that are relevant to every thinking soul, independent of the time in which they live.James Monroe expressed best the significance of Thomas Paine when he wrote to Congress in 1794... "The services Thomas Paine rendered to his country in its struggle for freedom have implanted in the hearts of his countrymen a sense of gratitude never to be effaced as long as they shall deserve the title of a just and generous people."
