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Understanding Classification and Evolutionary Relationships

Learn about the classification of organisms, from Aristotle's early naming system to Linnaeus' two-word naming system. Explore traditional and evolutionary classification methods, including the use of DNA and RNA similarities. Discover the six kingdoms and three domains of life.

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Understanding Classification and Evolutionary Relationships

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  1. Chapter 18 Classification

  2. 18-1 I. Classification A. To study diversity of life, biologists name organisms and group them in a logical manner II. Taxonomy A. Groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics B. Taxonomist: Person who groups/names the organisms

  3. III. Aristotle A. First person to classify organisms B. Had two groups  Plants and animals 1. Plants into shrubs, trees, herbs 2. Animals by where they lived: land, water, air C. Early naming looked at physical characteristics 1. Birds, bats, and insects were all related b/c can fly D. 18th century  using common name was confusing and went to scientific names

  4. IV. Scientific Names A. Carolus Linneaus = Swedish botanist that classified organisms based on physical and structural characteristics 1. Bats may fly like birds but have hair and produce milk for young = mammal  modern classification system 2. Developed two-word naming system  Binomial Nomenclature a. First word = genus Second word = species b. Genus capital, species lowercase c. Typed  italics hand written  underlined d. Names are in Latin  WHY? 1) No longer used and CANNOT CHANGE!!

  5. 3. Linnaeus’ 7 taxonomic categories- 7 TAXA Largest Kingdom - Most inclusive Phylum - consists of similar classes - consists of similar orders Class -consists of similar families Order Family - consists of similar genera Genus - consists of similar species Smallest - organisms that can interbreed Species Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools.

  6. Page 450

  7. 4. Dichotomous Key a. Set of paired statements that help identify organisms 1) Choose one statement from each pair that best describes the organism 2) At the end of each statement you are directed to the next set of statements 3) When you reach the end, you will see the name of the organism or group it belongs to

  8. V. Cladogram diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms using derived characteristics http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouZ9zEkxGWg Different Methods of Classification http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46L_2RI1k3k

  9. 18-2 VI. Traditional Classification A. Using body structures for classification Page 452

  10. VII. Evolutionary Classification • Group organisms into categories representing evolutionary descent using: • morphology, • breeding behaviors, 3. geographic distribution, 4. chromosome #, 5. genetic analysis (aka: biochemistry- DNA, RNA, amino acid sequences) Page 452

  11. VIII. Similarities in DNA and RNA A. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships B. DNA has shown that the American Vulture is more closely related to storks African Vulture American Vulture Stork

  12. IX. Molecular Clocks A. Uses DNA comparisons to estimate how long 2 species have been evolving independently Page 455

  13. 18-3 X. Kingdoms and Domains A. Linnaeus’ time  2 kingdoms  plant and animal B. Today  6 kingdoms 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

  14. The Tree of Life Evolves Changing Number of Kingdoms Names of Kingdoms Introduced 1700’s Plantae Animalia Late 1800’s Plantae Protista Animalia 1950’s Animalia Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Archae-bacteria Animalia 1990’s Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Page 458

  15. C. Three Domains 1. Bacteria a. Contains Kingdom Eubacteria 1) unicellular prokaryotes, cell walls contain peptidoglycan 2. Archae a. Contains Kingdom Archaebacteria 1) unicellular prokaryotes, live in extreme environments, cell walls lack peptidoglycan 3. Eukarya a. Contains Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

  16. 1) Protista  i. Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi ii. Mostly unicellular or some multicellular; either photosynthetic or heterotrophic; and can share characteristics with plants, fungi, or animals 2) Fungi i. Eukaryotic heterotrophs, feed on dead or decaying organic matter (some parasites) multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts).

  17. 3. Plantae i. multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs, nonmotile, cell walls contain cellulose 4. Animalia i.multicellular, heterotrophic, do not have cell walls, great diversity, many species exist in nearly every part of the planet.

  18. Page 459 Classification of Living Things

  19. 18-1 Which statement about classification is true? A. Biologists use regional names for organisms. B. Biologists use a common classification system based on similarities that have scientific significance. C. Biologists have identified and named most species found on Earth. D. Taxonomy uses a combination of common and scientific names to make the system more useful.

  20. 18-1 Linnaeus's two-word naming system is called A. binomial nomenclature. B. taxonomy. C. trinomial nomenclature. D. classification.

  21. 18-1 Several different classes make up a(an) A. family. B. species. C. kingdom. D. phylum.

  22. 18-1 A group of closely related species is a(an) A. class. B. genus. C. family. D. order.

  23. 18-1 Which of the following lists the terms in order from the group with the most species to the group with the least? A. order, phylum, family, genus B. family, genus, order, phylum C. phylum, class, order, family D. genus, family, order, phylum

  24. 18-2 Grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history is called A. evolutionary classification. B. traditional classification. C. cladogram classification. D. taxonomic classification.

  25. 18-2 Traditional classification groups organismstogether based on A. derived characters. B. similarities in appearance. C. DNA and RNA similarities. D. molecular clocks.

  26. 18-2 In an evolutionary classification system, the higher the taxon level, A. the more similar the members of the taxon become. B. the more common ancestors would be found in recent time. C. the fewer the number of species in the taxon. D. the farther back in time the common ancestors would be.

  27. 18-2 Classifying organisms using a cladogram depends on identifying A. external and internal structural similarities. B. new characteristics that have appeared most recently as lineages evolve. C. characteristics that have been present in the group for the longest time. D. individual variations within the group.

  28. 18-2 To compare traits of very different organisms, you would use A. anatomical similarities. B. anatomical differences. C. DNA and RNA. D. proteins and carbohydrates.

  29. 18-3 Organisms whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan belong in the kingdom A. Fungi. B. Eubacteria. C. Plantae. D. Archaebacteria.

  30. 18-3 Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or chloroplasts are members of the kingdom A. Animalia. B. Protista. C. Plantae. D. Fungi.

  31. 18-3 Organisms that have cell walls containing cellulose are found in A. Eubacteria and Plantae. B. Fungi and Plantae. C. Plantae and Protista. D. Plantae only.

  32. 18-3 Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic classification that includes A. three domains. B. seven kingdoms. C. two domains. D. five kingdoms.

  33. 18-3 Which of the following contain more than one kingdom? A. only Archaea B. only Bacteria C. only Eukarya D. both Eukarya and Archaea

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