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European Absolutism: Louis XIV and the Age of Change

Explore the rise and decline of European absolutism with a focus on the reign of Louis XIV. Discover the impact of French and Russian absolutism, the limited central power in Holland and England, and the economic forces of capitalism. Uncover the social crises and diplomatic challenges of the time.

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European Absolutism: Louis XIV and the Age of Change

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  1. I. Louis XIV, the Sun King: The Model for European Absolutism II. The Gravitational Pull of French Absolutism III. Holland and England: Limited Central Power IV. Breaking the Bank: Diplomacy and War in the Age of Absolutism: 1650–1774 V. The Decline of European Absolutism, the Example of Louis XV: 1715–1774 VI. Capitalism and the Forces of Change VII. Social Crises During the Capitalist Revolution

  2. I. Louis XIV, the Sun King: The Model for European Absolutism • A. Foundations of Absolutism • Jacques Bossuet • Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) • Leviathan • Louis XIII • Marie de’ Medici • Louis XIV (1643–1715) • Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642) • Cardinal Mazarin (1602–1661) • The Fronde (1649–1653) • 1685, Edict of Nantes revoked B. The Functioning of French Absolutism • Versailles • Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619–1683) • Mercantilism • Bullionism • Marquis de Louvois (1641–1691) • Minister of War

  3. II. The Gravitational Pull of French Absolutism • A. Prussia • Hohenzollerns • Frederick William (1640–1688) • Frederick I (1688–1713) • Frederick William I • (1713–1740) • General Directory • civil service • supreme court • nobles taxed • Frederick II (1740–1786)

  4. II. The Gravitational Pull of French Absolutism • B. Russian Absolutism • Peter I (1682–1725) • Siberia • Catherine (r. 1725–1727) • Anna Ivanovna (r. 1730–1740) • Elizabeth (r. 1741–1762) • Catherine II (r. 1762–1796) • C. Habsburgs • Leopold I (1657–1705) • Maria Theresa (1740–1780) • Count Haugwitz, Minister

  5. II. The Gravitational Pull of French Absolutism • D. The Germanies, the Scandinavian States, and the Iberian Peninsula • Frederick III (1648–1670), Denmark • Charles XI (1660–1697), Sweden • Weak kings • Alfonso VI (1656–1668), Portugal • Charles II (1665–1700), Spain Portugal • Pedro II (1683–1706) • John V (1706–1750) Spain • Philip V (1700–1746) • E. Poland: The Tragic Exception to the Rule • Partitions: 1774, 1792, 1795

  6. D. Restoration and “Glorious” Revolution • Charles II (1660–1685) • James II (1685–1688), Catholic • Crown to Mary Stuart, William of Orange • = “Glorious Revolution” • Bill of Rights • E. Whigs and Tories • Hanoverians • George I (1714–1727) • George II (1727–1760) • Robert Walpole • First Prime Minister • George III (1760–1820) • Tories (conservatives) • George Grenville (1712–1770) • Minister • III. Holland and England: Limited Central Power • A. The Dutch Experiment • stadtholders • John Oldenbarnveldt (1547–1619) • B. The English Debate: Crown v. Parliament • James I (1603–1625) • 1628—Petition of Right • 1629–1640—no Parliament • 1640—“Short Parliament” • “Long Parliament”—20 years • C. The English Civil War • Parliament v. Royalists • Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658) • 1646—Charles king • 1648—executed • Levellers—outlawed • “Rump Parliament” • Cromwell, Lord Protector • Instrument of Government, 1653 • Interregnum

  7. IV. Breaking the Bank: Diplomacy and War in the Age of Absolutism: 1650–1774 • A. From Westphalia to Utrecht: The Dominance of France • Great Northern War (1709–1721) • Russia v. Sweden • War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713) • Role of Women • Sarah Churchill Queen Anne (r. 1702–1714) • Mary of Modena • Madame de Maintenon • Princess des Ursins • Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • Philip V, King of Spain

  8. IV. Breaking the Bank: Diplomacy and War in the Age of Absolutism: 1650–1774 • B. From Utrecht to Paris: An Unstable Balance 1739—1748—“War of Jenkins’s Ear” • Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 • 1756–1763—Seven Years’ War • Peace of Paris, 1763 • France loses North American lands • C. Economic Consequences of War • Mercantilism • smugglers • often 50%+ of imports • Crisis of public finance • Britain’s state debt: 13 m pounds

  9. V. The Decline of European Absolutism, the Example of Louis XV: 1715–1774 • Après moi, le déluge • Estates-General • Last called in 1614 • Cardinal Fleury • Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson • Madame du Barry

  10. VI. Capitalism and the Forces of Change • A. Expanding Capitalism • Banks • Fuggers, Augsburg • Bank of Amsterdam, 1609 • Bank of England, 1694 • Joint-stock Companies • East India Companies (English, Dutch, French) • B. The Growth of Free Enterprise • Capitalistic agriculture • Jethro Tull (1674–1741) • Charles Townshend (1674–1738) • Robert Bakewell (1725–1795) • Arthur Young (1741–1820) • Enclosure Act, 1750–1800 • 40–50,000 small farms lost • Domestic System • from 1500 • Lloyds of London, 1688 • Stock Exchanges • London, 1698 • Bourse, Paris, 1724

  11. VII. Social Crises During the Capitalist Revolution • A. The Few Rich and the Many Poor • First and Second Estates, France • less than 2% • Peasants, 80% • French Third Estate • diverse • B. The Challenge of Population Growth • C. Oppressive Conditions for Women • D. The Prevalence of Human Misery • E. Protests, Riots, Rebellions • 1700s—73 peasant rebellions • Russia, Pugachev revolt, 1773–1775

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