Plant Reproduction

1. Plant Reproduction Click to Enter

2. INSTRUCTIONS • Ensure that you complete all activities and worksheets when instructed to do so. The pad icon will indicate when you should fill in your worksheet. • Work your way through the presentation by clicking on the background to move to the next page or to activate an animation. The mouse icon will indicate that a click will activate an animation or require buttons to be pressed in the quizzes. • You can navigate around the presentation by using the arrow links that appear when you place your cursor on the lower left hand part of the screen. • Some slides have embedded movies which will start when you click on the image. The video camera symbol tells you when a movie is available. There is sound so you may want to wear headphones if people are working near you. • You can return to the home page by clicking on the clickbiology icon. • At the end of the module there is a test that will provide a results page which you will print off and hand in to your teacher. • The speaker symbol means that there are some audio explanation available for the slide

3. Plant Reproduction Home Page 4 1 Seed dispersal Flower structure 5 2 Germination Pollination 3 6 Test Fruit development

4. Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

5. Click image to view a video on plant reproduction If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://vimeo.com/1594037?pg=embed&sec=1594037 Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

6. Use the diagram below to complete the labels on the flower structure worksheet stigma anther style carpel stamen filament ovary ovule petal sepal receptacle peduncle Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

7. Complete the functions table by clicking on the labels to discover their functions stigma anther style carpel stamen filament ovary ovule petal sepal receptacle peduncle Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

8. Flower Structure Quiz Click the correct answer • What is the name of the structure labelled X in the diagram? carpel sepal X stamen peduncle Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

9. Flower Structure Quiz • Where is pollen made? stigma sepal anther ovary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

10. Flower Structure Quiz • Where is the ovule found in a flower? petals style nectary ovary Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

11. Flower Structure Quiz • Which parts of the flower are labelled below: X = style, Y = stigma X X = filament, Y = anther Y X = stigma, Y = style X = anther, Y = filament Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

12. Pollination The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete) Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

13. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma Click to view the animation • This is an example of cross-pollination as the pollen travels from one flower to a different flower. This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation. Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

14. Pollen can be carried between flowers by insects or by wind • Use the information in the next two slides to complete the table comparing the adaptations of wind and insect pollinated flowers. Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

15. Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract insects to them to enable transfer of pollen Pollen has barbs for hooking onto insect fur nectar and a scent present Anthers positioned to rub pollen onto insects Sticky stigma to collect pollen Brightly coloured petals Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

16. Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure because they do not have to attract insects to them but do need to be exposed to the wind. Pollen grains are very small and light. They occur in very large numbers Anthers are exposed to the wind so that pollen can easily be blown away Stigma are feathery to catch pollen carried on wind Petals are small and green as there is no need to attract insects No scent or nectary Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

17. Self-pollination occurs when pollen falls from the anther onto the stigma of the same flower • Self-pollination is not desirable as it reduces variation • Click to show animation of self-pollination Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

18. Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either having stigma above stamen or… Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

19. …by having stamen and stigma mature at different times. • Complete the sections in your worksheet describing self-pollination and cross-pollination. Explain the mechanisms employed by plants to prevent self-pollination. Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

20. Click on the icons below to view the summary videos on pollination If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZ3J4UWwd2Q Pollination (9 minutes) If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ge3EM8AERV0 Insect pollination (1 minute) Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

21. Pollination Quiz Click the correct answer • Pollination is the transfer from….? the stigma to anther style to stamen ovule to filament anther to stigma Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

22. Pollination Quiz • The two mechanisms for pollination are? Wind and water Insect and wind Insect and water Wind and birds Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

23. Pollination Quiz • Cross-pollination… Increases variation Decreases variation Is only performed by insects Is only performed by wind Flower StructurePollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

24. Pollination Quiz • Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by… Having bright petals and a scent Having a nectary Having feathery stigmas Having sticky stigmas Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

25. Fertilisation and Fruit Development Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

26. Once pollination occurs a tube grows from the pollen grain down through the style to the ovule stigma style carpel ovary Click to view the animation ovule Note: Petals not shown in order to simplify diagram Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

27. Fertilisation occurs when the male gamete fuses with the ovule (the female gamete) Complete the fertilisation section of the worksheet (you will need to refer to your text book) Click to view the animation Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

28. Watch this short introductory video to review fertilisation (1 minute) If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pVhH2GPlckE

29. Seed Dispersal Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

30. Watch the video on seed dispersal (lasts just under 10 minutes) If the hyperlink does not work then copy and paste this url into a new browser window and you can watch the video then, url: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbQ1jWl3AOM

31. After fertilisation the petals, stamen and sepals fall off. The ovule turns into a seed, the fertilised egg inside develops into an embryo plant. Cotyledon: Food store Testa: tough seed coat Plumule: Embryo shoot Micropyle: Hole made by pollen tube Embryo plant Radicle:Embryo root Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

32. Water leaves the seed, it dehydrates and becomes dormant because metabolic reactions stop.The ovary develops to become a fruit. Fleshy wall of the ovary (yes, you are eating an adapted ovary when you crunch into an apple! seed Flower StructurePollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

33. Seeds need to be dispersed away from the parent plant in order to reduce competition for space, light, nutrients and water. • Seeds can be dispersed by: • Wind • Water • Mechanical • Animals Fill in the worksheet on the reasons and mechanisms for seed dispersal

34. Seed dispersal quiz Click the correct answer • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture water mechanical wind animal Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

35. Seed dispersal quiz Click the correct answer • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture mechanical animal water wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

36. Seed dispersal quiz Click the correct answer • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture water wind animal mechanical Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

37. Seed dispersal quiz Click the correct answer • Which mechanism for dispersal is used by the seed shown in the picture animal mechanical water wind Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test

38. Germination Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

39. The seed contains the embryo plant and cotyledons (starch stores) Testa Water enters the seed through the micropyle and activates enzymes. The water also softens the testa to allow it to split. Plumule (embryo shoot) Radicle (embryo root) Label the diagram of the seed Cotyledon Micropyle Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

40. Enzymes are used in seed germination amylase secreted Plumule The enzymes break starch down into maltose and then glucose. The glucose is used in respiration to provide energy for growth starch embryo plant absorbed maltose Radicle This is the first part to grow out of the seed as it needs to absorb more water Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

41. Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in the cotyledon to provide energy for growth light The seedling can now photosynthesise and make its own food germination Plant growth and development soil Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

42. Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed: Dry mass/g Days Click to listen to an explanation Answer the question on the worksheet Seed loses weight as it uses up starch stores in the cotyledons as the seedling cannot photosynthesise yet Weight increases as the seedling can photosynthesise and plant grows Dry mass is the mass of solid matter with all water removed Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

43. Conditions required for germinationSummarise the findings of the experiment shown below: Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen) No light Oxygen present Oxygen present Oxygen present Oxygen present No oxygen moist moist moist moist dry 4oC A Warm B Warm C Warm E Warm D Click to listen to an explanation Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test

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