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Parallel measurements of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and particle number concentrations in Switzerland

This study analyzes the relevance of different parameters and compares PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and particle number concentrations in Switzerland. It provides health-related information and examines the source-related information of different particle fractions.

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Parallel measurements of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and particle number concentrations in Switzerland

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  1. Parallel measurements of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and particle number concentrations in Switzerland Robert Gehrig Empa, Air Pollution/Environmental Technologies CH-8600 Dübendorf

  2. Content • Relevance of different parameters • Comparison PM10, PM2.5, PM1 • Particle number concentrations

  3. PM10 and PM2.5 • Health related information • Thoracic fraction (PM10) • Alveolar fraction (PM2.5) • Coarse fraction (PM10-2.5)

  4. Typical urban aerosol (EPA 1982) 0.1 1 10 diameter (mm)

  5. PM10 and PM1 • Source related information • Combustion particles and secondary aerosols (PM1) • Crustal and mechanically produced particles (PM10-PM1)

  6. NABEL sites with collocated measurements

  7. Chaumont Bern Payerne Zürich

  8. Härkingen

  9. PM10 PM2.5 PM1 PM: annual means 1998 - 2005

  10. Seasonal trends of PM10 and PM2.5 Monthly means 1998-2005 PM10 PM2.5

  11. Seasonal trends of PM10 and PM1 Monthly means 1998-2005 PM10 PM1 (2003-2005)

  12. PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 (mean concentrations 2003-2005)

  13. Average daily ratios PM2.5/PM10 PM1/PM10 Basel (suburban) 0.760.60 Lugano (urban) 0.740.59 Zürich (urban) 0.75 Payerne (rural) 0.75 Chaumont (rural, 1100 m asl) 0.750.63 Härkingen (motorway) 0.59 Bern (street canyon) 0.61 0.49

  14. Frequency distribution of the daily ratios PM2.5/PM10

  15. Long-term trends of PM2.5/PM10-ratios(1998-2005)

  16. Correlation r2 of the parallel PM10- and PM2.5- measurements (daily values 1998-2005) Basel (suburban) 0.94 Lugano (urban) 0.94 Zürich (urban)*) 0.95 Payerne (rural) 0.94 Bern (street canyon) 0.86 Chaumont (rural, 1100 m asl) 0.85 *) 1998-2002 only

  17. Jura 700-1000 m Zürich 400 m Basel 250 m 70 km PM und meteorology (daily values)

  18. Alpen 2500-3500 m Zürich 400 m Lugano 200 m 150 km PM und meteorology (daily values)

  19. Chaumont 1100 m Payerne 500 m 20 km PM und meteorology (daily values)

  20. Particle numbers • Dominated by fresh combustion particles (Ultrafine particles < 100 nm) • Not covered by particle mass measurements (Mass of one 10µm-particle = 109 10nm particles) • Specific health effects possible

  21. Particle number concentrations (annual mean 2005)

  22. Residence time of particles in the atmosphere (Jaenicke 1982) Residence time of the aerosol near ground 1 week scavenging 1 day 1 hour residence time (s) n diffusion/coagulation sedimentation 1 minute 1 second aerodynamic diameter (µm)

  23. Härkingen (motorway)Influence of wind direction N PM1 NO PM10 NO2 particle numbers (part/cm3) PM10 and PM1 (µg/m3) nitrogen oxides (ppm)

  24. Typical particle size distribution at Härkingen

  25. Particle numbers vs. PM10-concentrations

  26. Fine particles in January 2006 (Härkingen)

  27. Fine particles in January 2006 (Härkingen)

  28. Fine particles in January 2006 (Härkingen)

  29. Conclusions • PM2.5: Health related sampling (long term effects) • PM10-PM2.5: Health related sampling (short term effects) • PM1: Combustion aerosols, secondary aerosols • PM10-PM1: Crustal and mechanically produced particles • Particle numbers: Ultrafine particles • PM measurements • often highly correlated and homogeneously distributed over large areas • Particle number concentrations • low correlation with PM, high spacial variability

  30. Weekly cycle of particle number concentrations Partikelanzahl Verkehr

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