Advantage and factors involving risk on the following topics

1. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires". The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear the term is often simply shortened to "wireless". Wireless communications is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications.It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and portable two way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units, garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.

2. Advantage and factors involving risk on the following topics • One of the major problems that presents itself is the already limited spectrum available for communications. The remaining free spectrum has to be used to its maximum potential, spread spectrum technology presenting itself as a suitable means of increasing performance. Splitting up of the environment into a number of small cells also increases the overall accessible bandwidth of the communication system, but also increases the cost as more cell sites are required. Techniques such as diversity combining can also be used to increase the available bandwidth through improved reception capabilities. • Where a large number of devices, each being of a low power, are transmitting, a sizable amount of radio power is being generated. The effects of radio communication on human health are being examined [19], however much more work is required in this area before large scale communication systems are developed. • The unconstrained nature of the communication medium of radio requires the issue of network security to be addressed. Verification of communication entities must also be performed to ensure that only registered devices may communicate using the network, and that only registered devices may receive the data. Some form of encryption may be required for communications to avoid interception of data transmitted over the network by devices not taking part in the communications.

3. In addition to security considerations from external devices accessing the network, interfering signals can be generated by other devices in the office environment, for example printers and other electromechanical devices. These devices can temporarily disrupt a communication link through the noise that they generate. • A wireless communication system has a number of advantages, not least the mobility of the devices within the environment. It is a simple matter to relocate a communicating device, and no additional cost of rewiring and excessive downtime is associated with such a move. It is also a simple matter to add in a communication device to the system or remove one from the system without any disruption to the remainder of the system. Other than the initial outlay on setting up the cell sites, the cost of running and maintaining a radio based communications solution is minimal. These, and other factors, show the appeal that a radio communication system has for the office environment.

4. State any laws and the punishment of the crime enforce by the law makers • Republic Act 8792, signed into law last June 14, 2000, is a landmark law in the history of the Philippines. Not only has this bill made the country a legitimate player in the global marketplace. The Philippine Internet community has played a major role in pushing for its passage. The law took effect last June 19, 2000. • With the Philippines relaxed stock market listing rules plus a proposed vibrant investment priorities program in place, Filipinos here and abroad and its foreign partners have something to look forward for. • Here's the salient features of RA8792: • It gives legal recognition of electronic data messages, electronic documents, and electronic signatures. • Allows the formation of contracts in electronic form. • Makes banking transactions done through ATM switching networks absolute once consummated. • Parties are given the right to choose the type and level of security methods that suit their needs. • Provides the mandate for the electronic implementation of transport documents to facilitate carriage of goods. This includes documents such as, but not limited to, multi-modal, airport, road, rail, inland waterway, courier, post receipts, transport documents issued by freight forwarders, marine/ocean bill of lading, non-negotiable seaway bill, charter party bill of lading.

5. Actions taken on such risk on the company concern the government and you. • Wireless networking is easy to set up, and it's convenient, especially if you like to move around the house or office without your portable computer while staying connected. But because they use the airwaves, wireless communications are more vulnerable to interception and attack than a wired connection. Here are some tips for securing your wireless network. • 1. Use encryptionEncryption is the number one security measure, but many wireless access points (WAPs) don't have encryption enabled by default. Although most WAPs support the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol, it's not enabled by default. WEP has a number of security flaws, and a knowledgeable hacker can crack it, but it's better than no encryption at all. Be sure to set the WEP authentication method for "shared key" rather than "open system". The latter does not encrypt the data; it only authenticates the client. Change the WEP key frequently and use 128-bit WEP rather than 40-bit. • 2. Use strong encryptionBecause of WEP's weaknesses, you should use the Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) protocol instead of WEP if possible. To use WPA, your WAP must support it (you may be able to add support to an older WAP with a firmware upgrade); your wireless network access cards (NICs) must support it (again, a firmware update may be necessary); and your wireless client software must support it. Windows XP Service Pack 2 installs the WPA client. SP1 machines can be updated to support WPA by installing the Windows WPA client with the Wireless Update Rollup Package — see this page for more details. Another encryption option is to use IPsec, if your wireless router supports it.

6. 3. Change the default administrative passwordMost manufacturers use the same default administrative password for all their wireless access points (or at least, all those of a particular model). Those default passwords are common knowledge among hackers, who can use them to change your WAP settings. The first thing you should do when you set up a WAP is change the default password to a strong password (eight characters or more in length, using a combination of alpha and numeric characters, not using words that are in the dictionary).

7. 4. Turn off SSID broadcastingThe Service Set Identifier (SSID) is the name of your wireless network. By default, most WAPs broadcast the SSID. This makes it easy for users to find the network, as it shows up on their list of available networks on their wireless client computers. If you turn off broadcasting, users will have to know the SSID to connect. Some folks will tell you that turning off SSID broadcasting is useless because a hacker can use packet sniffing software to capture the SSID even if broadcasting is turned off. That's true, but why make it easier for them? That's like saying burglars can buy lockpicks, so locking the door is useless. Turning off broadcasting won't deter a serious hacker, but it will protect from the casual "piggybacker" (for example, a next door neighbor who notices the new network and decides to try connecting "just for fun"). • 5. Turn off the WAP when not in useThis one may seem simplistic, but few companies or individuals do it. If you have wireless users connecting only at certain times, there's no reason to run the wireless network all the time and provide an opportunity for intruders. You can turn off the access point when it's not in use — such as at night when everyone goes home and there is no need for anyone to connect wirelessly. • 6. Change the default SSIDManufacturers provide a default SSID, often the equipment name (such as Linksys). The purpose of turning off SSID broadcasting was to prevent others from knowing the network name, but if you use the default name, it's not too difficult to guess. As mentioned, hackers can use tools to sniff the SSID, so don't change the name to something that gives them information about you or your company (such as the company name or your physical address).

8. 7. Use MAC filteringMost WAPs (although not some of the cheapest ones) will allow you to use media access control (MAC) address filtering. This means you can set up a "white list" of computers that are allowed to connect to your wireless network, based on the MAC or physical addresses assigned to their network cards. Communications from MAC addresses that aren't on the list will be refused. • The method isn't foolproof, since it's possible for hackers to capture packets transmitted over the wireless network and determine a valid MAC address of one of your users and then spoof the address. But it does make things more difficult for a would-be intruder, and that's what security is really all about. • 8. Isolate the wireless network from the rest of the LANTo protect your wired internal network from threats coming over the wireless network, create a wireless DMZ or perimeter network that's isolated from the LAN. That means placing a firewall between the wireless network and the LAN. Then you can require that in order for any wireless client to access resources on the internal network, he or she will have to authenticate with a remote access server and/or use a VPN. This provides an extra layer of protection. • 9. Control the wireless signalThe typical 802.11b WAP transmits up to about 300 feet. However, this range can be extended by a more sensitive antenna. By attaching a high gain external antenna to your WAP, you can get a longer reach but this may expose you to war drivers and others outside your building. A directional antenna will transmit the signal in a particular direction, instead of in a circle like the omnidirectional antenna that usually comes built into the WAP. Thus, through antenna selection you can control both the signal range and its direction to help protect from outsiders. In addition, some WAPs allow you to adjust signal strength and direction via their settings.

9. 10. Transmit on a different frequencyOne way to "hide" from hackers who use the more common 802.11b/g wireless technology is to go with 802.11a instead. Since it operates on a different frequency (the 5 GHz range, as opposed to the 2.4 GHz range in which b/g operate), NICs made for the more common wireless technologies won't pick up its signals. Sure, this is a type of "security through obscurity" — but it's perfectly valid when used in conjunction with other security measures. After all, security through obscurity is exactly what we advocate when we tell people not to let others know their social security numbers and other identification information. • A drawback of 802.11a, and one of the reasons it's less popular than b/g, is that the range is shorter: about half the distance of b/g. It also has difficulty penetrating walls and obstacles. From a security standpoint, this "disadvantage" is actually an advantage, as it makes it more difficult for an outsider to intercept the signal even with equipment designed for the technology.

10. Implementation on law enforcers • Routine police work requires effective • coordination and communication with • other police agencies, fire departments, • emergency medical services, and public • service organizations. High-profile incidents— • such as bombings, plane crashes, • and natural disasters—test the ability of • public safety and public service organizations • to mount a well-coordinated • response. Interoperability, the ability of • different agencies to communicate across • jurisdictions with each other, often

11. depends on wireless radio communication • systems. • This 1997 NIJ-sponsored study, conducted • by the National Law Enforcement • and Corrections Technology Center, focuses • on interoperability issues in the law • enforcement community. It is based on a • survey of the interoperability experiences • and needs of law enforcement agencies • across the Nation.1 (See “Methodology” for • a discussion of the sampling and analysis

12. This study confirms and quantifies • much of what is already “known” about • law enforcement agencies’ use of telecommunications • equipment for routine • operations and for interoperability, although • there are a few surprises. The • findings are organized into four categories: • telecommunications equipment • and infrastructure, knowledge • of interoperability standards, interoperability • experience and requirements, • and interoperability shortfalls. • Telecommunications • equipment and infrastructure • Mobile radios, whether handheld or • vehicle-mounted, are basic law enforcement • communications equipment. • State agencies and sheriff ’s departments • are more likely to use citizens • band and amateur radios, but agencies • of all sizes and types use cellular • phones and pagers. The sharing of frequencies • and/or infrastructure (e.g., • transmitters and repeaters) is very • common, and most agencies that share • radio systems remain involved in making • decisions related to their system. • Land mobile radio (LMR) technology. • Most agencies have conventional • analog systems and operate in high • VHF bands, but information from • agencies that were planning to replace • or upgrade their systems within 10 • years, 46 percent of the total, indicated • several trends: (1) the number of • agencies operating in 800 MHz5 will • more than double, growing from 23 to • 51 percent; (2) the number of agencies