PSYC 2314 Lifespan Development

1. PSYC 2314Lifespan Development Chapter 7 The First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

2. Early Emotions • First Half Year • Distress • Sadness • Interest • Pleasures • Social smiles • Laughter

3. Early Emotions • The Older Infant • Stranger wariness • Separation anxiety

4. Early Emotions • Social Referencing • Look to trusted adult for emotional cues in uncertain situation • Self-awareness • A person’s realization that (s)he is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

5. Origins of Personality • Personality: the multitude of emotions, behaviors, and attitudes that characterize each person, distinguishing one from another. • Learning theory: traditional vs. later theorists

6. Psychoanalytic Theory • Oral Stage • The mouth is the infant’s prime source of gratification and the mother’s attitudes regarding feeding and weaning are a critical factor in the infant’s psychological development. • Anal Stage • Sensual pleasure is derived from stimulation of the bowels, and toilet training becomes the focal point.

7. Infant Day Care • Preschoolers experience early and extended amounts of high quality day care, they show more positive outcomes than children without such experience.

8. Infant Day Care • Four factors essential to high quality day care: • Adequate attention to each child • Encouragement of sensorimotor exploration and language development • Attention to health and safety • Well-trained and professional caregivers

9. Infant Day Care • Infants were likely to become insecurely attached if: • Their mothers were insensitive • The day-care quality was poor • They were in day care more than 20 hours per week

10. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Infant Development • Trust vs. Mistrust • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

11. Temperament • A relatively consistent inborn dispositions that underlie and affect a person’s response to people, situations, and events. • It is epigenetic.

12. Temperament • Nine Characteristics • Activity Level • Rhythmicity • Approach-withdrawal • Adaptability • Intensity of Reaction • Threshold of Responsiveness • Quality of Mood • Distractibility • Attention Span

13. Temperament • 3 types of temperament: • Easy • Slow-to-warm-up • Difficult • Goodness of fit • Environment affects temperament. It is best for parents to adjust their child-rearing expectations to their child’s temperamental style.

14. Big Five Dimensions of Personality • Extroversion • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness • Neuroticism • Openness

15. Interaction • Synchrony: coordinated interaction between infant and caregiver in which each individual responds to and influences the other.

16. Attachments • An enduring emotional connection between people that produces a desire for continual contact as well feelings of distress during separation. • Secure attachment • Insecure attachment

17. Attachments • Attachment may also be influenced by the broader context in which the infant and mother live. The father’s contribution to child care, the nature of the marital relationship, financial and living conditions, and the cultural context in which the infant is nurtured are important influences • Secure attachment aids both cognitive and social development: securely attached infants are more curious, outgoing and self directed. • Child’s temperament has a greater impact on attachment than the parent’s caregiving patterns.

18. Adult Attachments • One important contribution to the development of a secure attachment in infants is the mother’s view of her own early attachment experiences • Autonomous • Dismissing • Preoccupied • Unresolved