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AP Human Geography Theoretical Model Review. Mr. Stepek. Unit 6: Industrialization and Economic Development. World Systems Model. Three-Tier Structure.
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AP Human GeographyTheoretical Model Review Mr. Stepek
World Systems Model Three-Tier Structure Core : Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology Generates more wealth in the world economy • Core-periphery model • Dominant advanced core exploits periphery • Applies globally • national/regional • Legacy of colonialism • Neo-colonialism Semi-periphery: Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery, serves as a buffer between core and periphery Periphery: Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology. Generates less wealth in the world economy
Human Development Index(How is it measured? How is it distributed?)
Indicators of development • Human Development Index (HDI) • 4 factors used to measure (UN) and other factors considered in differentiating between MDC/LDCs: • Economic = • (1) gross national income (GNI) per capita • Other • Types of jobs, productivity, consumer goods • Social = • (2) mean years of schooling and • (3) expected years of schooling • Other (health and welfare measures) • Demographic • (4) life expectancy
Economic Development Models Self-sufficiency model • Govt. supports local industries through protectionism • Tariffs • Leads to inefficient businesses • Large bureaucracy • Corruption • Consumers pay more • No longer favored
Economic Development Models Self-sufficiency model Rostow’s International Trade “Take-Off” Model Raw materials exported elite gain profits infrastructure created innovation spreads economic diversification High consumption wealth Inequity measured by GINI coefficient (modifies GDP) • Govt. supports local industries through protectionism • Tariffs • Leads to inefficient businesses • Large bureaucracy • Corruption • Consumers pay more • No longer favored
Economic Development Models Self-sufficiency model Rostow’s International Trade “Take-Off” Model Raw materials exported elite gain profits infrastructure created innovation spreads economic diversification High consumption wealth Inequity measured by GINI coefficient (modifies GDP) Widely accepted WTO, World Bank, IMF, structural adjustment loans NGOs • Govt. supports local industries through protectionism • Tariffs • Leads to inefficient businesses • Large bureaucracy • Corruption • Consumers pay more • No longer favored
Political Ecology • impact of laws and policy on the environment and environmental justice • Sustainable development • Cap and trade • International agreements • Kyoto Protocol (US vs. developing countries) • Paris Agreement
Weber’s Least Cost Theory of Industrial Location • Location determined by effort to minimize costs • Situation factors: transportation (bulk-gaining vs. bulk-reducing) • Site factors: labor,land, capital • Agglomeration: clustering of businesses to access common customers, advantageous site factors
