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Life in the Colonies. Chapter 4. Facts about the colonies. Higher birth rate, lower death rate Larger populations from immigration Farming was main economic activity, followed by small businesses, and ship building Major trade routes throughout the Atlantic ocean.
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Life in the Colonies Chapter 4
Facts about the colonies • Higher birth rate, lower death rate • Larger populations from immigration • Farming was main economic activity, followed by small businesses, and ship building • Major trade routes throughout the Atlantic ocean
Colonial Trade Exports (goods leaving): England: Iron, Cloth, Weapons, Luxuries Colonies: Tobacco, Furs, Whale oil/bone, Rice, Silk, Indigo West Indies: Molasses, Sugar, Wood Africa: Slaves, Ivory, Gold, Spices
Middle Passage • Refers to part of the trade route from Africa to the West Indies • African Diaspora • Environment was inhumane, disease infested, and death nearby • Many slaves were captured and trade by African tribal leaders for English luxury goods
Slavery • Most lived on plantations • Worked under an overseer • Slaves Codes • Punishments for crimes -ex. reading or writing, leaving plantation without permission, running away
Comparison of Middle and Southern Colonies Middle Colonies Southern Colonies Rich soil, warm climate Industries: primarily farming Plantation owners switched to slaves Tobacco main cash crop. Rice main cash crop in GA & SC. Plantation owners controlled the economic and political life of the region • Fertile Soil, large cash crops • Industries: lumbering, mining, carpentry, flour milling • Plantations not as common • More small scale farmers, subsistence farming
Government, Religion, & Culture Chapter 4.2
English Rule over the Colonies • Government • England viewed the Colonies as an economic resource • Used raw materials to produce finished goods • Mercantilism: theory that a nation’s power depends on their wealth • Exports > Imports • Navigation Acts (1657-1673): directed flow of goods between England and the Colonies • Ships had to belong to England • Certain products could not be sold outside of English Empire • Result: Illegal smuggling
Religion • Great Awakening • John Edwards and George Whitfield • Encouraged people to express themselves more overtly • Taught people that they could break away from their church if it wasn’t living up to it’s expectations • Prepared them for the War of Independence
Culture • Family Roles • Farms: home and workplace • Women: cooked, wove clothing, tended cows and chicken • Men: worked farmland, represented family in community affairs • Sons: typically worked as indentured servant to a tradesman in order to learn the trade
Culture • Education • Strong emphasis on education • parents often taught their children to read and write • Public Education Law (1647): MA: communities with 50 + households had to have a tax funded schoolhouse • 1st college were founded to train ministers (Harvard)
The English and French Rivalry Chapter 4.3
Reasons for Rivalry • Competition for wealth • Competition to be the strongest world power • Disputes along British/French territory in Americas • Ohio River Valley
History 0f the Ohio River Valley • French established fur trade throughout Ohio Country • British built fort within this land area, and were forced out • As a result, the French built many forts along the rivers of the upper Ohio, which brought them closer than ever to the British colonists
Indians Choose SIdes • Native Americans often aided the French • They would raid English settlements and steal supplies for French • The French were mainly interested in trading fur, not land, which is why the Indians helped the French
Iroquois Confederacy • Most powerful group of Native Americans • Based out of New York, includes many other tribes • Skillfully remained neutral with both British and French when it came to trade or areas that benefited them • Eventually were forced to become allied with British
The First Step • Virginians had made plans to expand land into Ohio River Valley • Informed French they were trespassing on British lands • George Washington led militia at Fort Necessity • Washington and militia made first attack on French
The Albany Plan • June 1754, representatives met to draft a plan for colonists to defend themselves against the French and to get the Iroquois Confederacy to join their side • “Albany Plan of Union” • Created by Benjamin Franklin • Power to collect taxes • Raise troops • Regulate trade • The Plan Failed, the colonies did not approve
THE FRENCH AND Indian War Chapter 4.4
Beginning of the War • Late 1750’s-early 1760’s • 1754- British government intervened • General Edward Braddock in Command • Washington is his aid • 1st battle at Fort Duquesne- British defeated, Braddock killed, Washington led survivors back to Virginia
Beginning of War • 1st years were disastrous • French captured Forts • Indians allied with the French raided settlements, killed colonists
William Pitt • William Pitt • Englishman who becomes Prime minister of England and in charge of the affairs of the war with the French and colonists • Under his command: • Fort Quebec falls • Captures Montreal • Treaty of Paris is signed
Treaty of Paris • Signed in 1763 • France is allowed to keep some it’s sugar producing lands in the west indies, must give up Canada and most of land east of the Mississippi river • Spain gives up Florida, but gains Louisiana and Port of New Orleans • Mississippi River becomes new boundary between the Spanish and British territories
Pontiac’s war • Native Americans were threatened by the British colonies • Had lost trading partners in the French • Created a small alliance with other Indian tribes and attacked settlements and Forts • Their failure to capture major forts eventually leads to their surrender.
Proclamation of 1763 • King George the III declared the Appalachian mountains the temporary boundary of the colonies • This created friction for many colonies who has set their eyes on westward expansion