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This article explores the concept of appropriation in art, focusing on the borrowing of elements from art history and popular culture. It discusses how artists like Warhol, Richter, and Liu Xiaodong have incorporated photography into painting, and how musicians like U2 and rappers sample and remix other people's work. It also highlights examples of appropriation in pop art and fashion, and references the infamous appropriation of Goya's works by the Chapman Brothers. The article concludes with a discussion on the importance of influence and inspiration in the creation of art.
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Art History Renaissance 1400 Italy Neo-classicism - 1700s Romantisism – 1800s Realism – 1850s Impessionism – 1870s Expressionism – 1900s Surrealists – 1930s Pop art – 1960s Post modernism – 1980s
Impressionist music (1870s) Monet • Debussy • Mozart
Surrealist film (1930s) "To disrupt the mental anxiety of the spectator“ - Dali Warning: some nudity & blood
literature as social challenge or social glue? Consider art history - realist – Impressionists – Expressionists - Surrealists – etc - femism, marxism Read article - Novels to uphold social order Write paragraph about: ‘good artists borrow, great artists steal’ – Picasso
‘good artists borrow, great artists steal’- Picasso Art and Appropriation
Development - Appropriation To appropriate something involves taking possession of it. In the visual arts, the term appropriation often refers to the use of borrowed elements in the creation of new work. The borrowed elements may include images, forms or styles from art history or from popular culture, or materials and techniques from non-art contexts.
Photography & painting Beginning in the 1960s artists such as Warhol, Richter and Artschwager, began making paintings that translated photographic images taken from newspapers and advertisements. This painting shows how photography has influenced not just the content but also the technique of painting. Andy Warhol, Big Electric Chair, 1967.
Gerhard Richter’s Woman with Umbrella, a moving portrait of a distressed woman, is in fact based on a photograph of a grieving Jackie Kennedy but could easily be any ordinary passer-by. “I did not take it [photography] as a subsititute for reality but as a crutch to help me get to reality,” a quote by him on the gallery wall explains. Gerhard Richter, Woman with Umbrella, 1964,
Liu Xiaodong’s “A Transsexual Getting Down Stairs” (2001) brings to mind Marcel Duchamp’s “Nude Descending a Staircase.” Such references interweave art history in ways that work for most of us on a subconscious level. Liu Xiaodong “A Transsexual Getting Down Stairs” (2001) Nude descending a staircase no2 1912 by Marcel Duchamp
Music is not exempt from appropriation either. In their music video for their song Lemon, U2 pay tribute to the photographer Muybridge.
Rappers & DJs sample and remix other people’s work… … painters and poets do the same!
Pop Art In the 1950s, a group of artists in Great Britain and the USA, rather than despising popular culture, gladly embraced its imagery and its methods. Their audacity at first scandalized the Establishment, but by the mid-1960s their work dominated the world art scene and names such as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein and Robert Rauschenberg were familiar to many.
Film, art, music, photography, fashion… They all look to (and steal) from each other. You can’t detach yourself from the world, and the influences, around you.
Why galleries, libraries, museums? • Artists don’t (often!) work with their eyes closed, and ideas don’t (often!) come from thin air... • Galleries, libraries 7 museums are full of original ideas and inspiration. • Artists submerge themselves in the culture of their surroundings, and feed off it for inspiration.
Picasso Here, Picasso has appropriated (borrowed, and made his own) the form and subject of Velasquez’s ‘Las Menias’ to create a new work .
Richard Prince In 2005, a Richard Prince photograph of a Marlboro cigarettes advertisement was auctioned for over $1.2 million - a world record. He photographed the Marlboro ad without permission removing the identifying marks. In a 1977 essay, Prince proclaimed that he was "practicing without a license" – referring to his practice of stealing other people's pictures and publishing them as his own.
Picasso borrowed from this image more than once to create new works.
In 2003, Mark & Dinos Chapman famously bought and then altered a set of Los Caprichos, - a series of etchings by Goya. Working on top of the original prints they ‘vandalised’ the original work, by painting on top of it. In doing this, they literally ‘appropriated’ the work of Goya and made it their own, placing the original in a different context and creating something new. The Chapman Brothers
The Chapman Brothers appropriated the work of Goya more than once… and in a number of different ways. Great Deeds Against The Dead by Jake and Dinos Chapman (1994) Goya Disasters of War, 1810 - 20
The Chapman Brothers didn’t only ‘appropriate’ from Goya, they have also worked on top of a number of Victorian portraits, ‘defacing’ the original sitter, by giving them a new and ghostly disguise. They also worked into a number of Hitler’s original drawings for the exhibition ‘If Hitler was a hippie, how happy would he be?’
Fashion & Architecture Alexander McQueen & Sydney Opera House (by Jørn Utzon)
Anne Klein & Unité d’Habitation in Marseille (by Le Corbusier)
