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Brain Computer Interface

Brain Computer Interface. The Dream. Controlling the physical world with our thoughts has always been the stuff of science fiction and dreams. In today ’ s world, small demonstrations of such feats abound. Commercial BCIs Commercial headsets for gaming NeuroSky Emotiv EPOC.

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Brain Computer Interface

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  1. Brain Computer Interface

  2. The Dream • Controlling the physical world with our thoughts has always been the stuff of science fiction and dreams. • In today’s world, small demonstrations of such feats abound. • Commercial BCIs • Commercial headsets for gaming • NeuroSky • Emotiv EPOC

  3. Sensing the Brain • EEG • measures the electrical signals produced by nerve cells in your brain • fMRI • Detects blood flow in the brain to identify areas of activity; a blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal. • NIRS • Detects near IR light absorption to identify areas of activity, another BOLD signal. • Others • CAT scan • PET • phMRI • TMS

  4. Early Efforts

  5. Brain Imaging

  6. Animal brains • Brain stem - controls the reflexes and automatic functions. • Cerebellum - coordinates limb movements. • Hypothalamus and pituitary gland - controls body temperature and behavioral responses such as feeding, drinking, sexual response, aggression and pleasure. • Cerebrum - integrates information from all of the sense organs, initiates motor functions, controls emotions and holds memory and thought processes.

  7. Cerebral Cortex Parietal Lobe - involved in the reception and processing of sensory information from the body.Frontal Lobe - involved with decision-making, problem solving, and planning.Occipital Lobe - involved with vision.Temporal Lobe - involved with memory, emotion, hearing, and language.

  8. Somatosensory & Motor Cortex Somatosensory Motor

  9. Your Electric Brain • Brains are filled with neurons. • Each neuron receives electrical inputs from about 1000 other neurons. • Impulses are added together leading to generation of an electrical discharge called an action potential. • electric signals (i.e., action potentials) zip from neuron to neuron as fast as 250 mph • Neurons communicate at structures called synapses. • Information moves around the brain via electrical activity but communication between neurons is chemical.

  10. EEG • An EEG records electrical signals from the brain • Measures postsynaptic potentials of neurons, via electrodes on the scalp • An EEG detects the summed ionic currents of thousands of pyramidal neurons beneath each electrode. • The signals relayed to the EEG are typically amplified 10,000 times and filtered.

  11. Brain Wave Types • EEGs record brain waves which are oscillating electrical voltages in the brain measuring a few millivolts. • There are six widely recognized brain waves: • Delta: 1-4 Hz. • Theta: 4-7 Hz. • Alpha: 8-12 Hz. • Mu rhythm is alpha-range activity that is seen over the sensorimotor cortex. • Beta:12-30 Hz. • Gamma: 30–100 Hz.

  12. BCI Inputs • Slow cortical activation • Mu and Beta rhythms • performance of different cognitive tasks • imagination of movement of different parts of the body • Steady-state evoked potential – the response of the brain to a constant stimulus, in which the brain activity has the same frequency as the stimulating frequency • visually evoked P300 potential – “oddball” response Training

  13. Electrode Placement

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