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SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States. a. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy. b. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy. c. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban missile crisis. d. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive, and growing opposition to the war. e. Explain the role of geography on the U.S. containment policy, the Korean War, the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban missile crisis, and the Vietnam War.
a. Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy.
Truman Doctrine • Stated that the U.S. would not hesitate to intervene and aid nations overseas to resist Communism. • This doctrine had a financial plan to build Europe that was put together by then Secretary of State George Marshall.
Marshall Plan • Named after George Marshall, it was a plan that provided nations in war-torn Europe with much needed financial support. • This aid was triggered towards sparking revival and prosperity in these countries! • Containment Policy: Keeping Communism in Eastern Europe and not letting is spread.
b. Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy.
Spread of Communism in China • Chiang Kai-shek was a Nationalist leader in China. • After a time of peace in China, the Nationalist and the Communist began to fight again. • The U.S. was forced to financial back Chiang Kai-Shek and the nationalist party in attempts to stop Communist leader Mao Tse-tung. • Mao took over the mainland and forced Shek to flee to the island of present day Taiwan. • The U.S. refused to recognize Mao’s government as legitimate, and used its veto power with the United Nations to say that Chiang’s nationalist group was still the formal government of China.
Korean War • The line at the 38th Parallel: Divided Korea into North(communist) and South(anti-communist) • North Korea decided to cross over that parallel and declare war on South Korea. • The United States decided to back South Korea and hired General Douglas MacArthur to lead the charge. • MacArthur was able to drive the North Korean army back across the parallel and then the Chinese got involved in backing the North Koreans. • A stalemate soon happened and General MacArthur was fired from his duties for arguing against President Truman’s war plans.
Joseph McCarty • McCarthy was a Wisconsin Senator that was convinced Communism had infiltrated high levels of government and the U.S. military. • McCarthy even accused George Marshall of being a communist and then started to point out other people. • This view point became known as “McCarthyism.” • This craze started to settle down after McCarthy was forced to defend his views on television and everyone started to realize how crazy this guy really was.
c. Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban missile crisis.
Cuban Revolution Fidel Castro rose to fame as the leader of this revolution. The purpose of the revolution was to overthrow the Cuban government and make Castro the leader of the Communist country. • After executing many of his opponents and jailing several more, Castro turned his focus to seizing U.S. property in Cuba. • President Eisenhower refused to support the new dictator and broke off diplomatic relations.
Bay of Pigs • Eisenhower began to train the CIA to begin work on anti-Castro Cuban exiles for invasion of Cuba. • When JFK became President he continued to support the CIA in their efforts and the “Bay of Pigs” landed on April 17,1961. • Turned out to be a huge failure and an embarrassment for the Kennedy administration and gave doubt to the American people about this young President.
Cuban Missile Crisis • Still in fear of another U.S. attack, Castro allowed the Soviet Union to put nuclear weapons in Cuba– just 90 miles off the coast of FLA. • After seeing this missiles stationed so close the U.S. authorized a naval blockade of the island. • For 13 days a huge standoff between the two superpowers led to a close call for a start of a nuclear war. • After many hours of meeting at the UN, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles from Cuba in exchange that the U.S. agreed not to attack. • The U.S. also agreed to eventually remove their nuclear missiles from Turkey.
d. Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet Offensive, and growing opposition to the war.
Vietnam • France controlled Vietnam from the 1800s until the 1950s • Following WWII, Vietnamese nationalists wanted independence from France and, in 1954, Vietnam was split into two halves • The North was led by Ho Chi Minh, who favored communism • The United States favored the South, which was led by Ngo Dinh Diem
Vietnam (cont) • Diem faced a hard time in South Vietnam because he put people who criticized the government in prison and used aid money from the United States to “grease the pockets” of corrupt politicians • President Kennedy realized that Communism could not be defeated with Diem in charge in South Vietnam and was reportedly on the verge of pulling out of the country prior to his assassination in November of 1963 • When President Johnson took over, he vowed to not lose to the Communists and kept fighting in the country
Vietnam (cont) • As military presence increased in Vietnam, the United States drooped tens of thousands of bombs destroying many bridges, supply lines and villages in the process. This killed many innocent civilians. • One thing Johnson refused to do was bomb key targets in North Vietnam in fear of upsetting the Soviets or Chinese, who were sending supplies to North Vietnam, and starting a much bigger war
Tet Offensive • In January of 1968, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong launched a major attack against the U.S. called the Tet Offensive • Even though the attack was eventually stopped, it was a heavy boost that the communists could launch an effective major attack • The war continued for 7 more years until Vietnam finally fell to the North Vietnamese in 1975, 21 years after the original split of the country
Attitudes about the War at home • The United States was completely divided in their attitude about U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. One side was for stopping communism, no matter the cost. The other side felt it was criminal for soldiers to be in a war they should not be involved in. • President Johnson even caught heat from those who were for the war, because they did not feel like our military was given the resources needed to win the war • College campuses became a popular place for anti-war protests. Students and professors alike were very vocal against the war in Vietnam and held rallies for their voices to be heard
Attitudes (cont) • At Kent State University in Ohio, one protest became violent as students began burning buildings, including the ROTC building at the school. • The governor of Ohio sent National Guard troops to the school where things escalated when students began throwing rocks and other objects at the guardsmen. • The guardsmen opened fire on the “weaponless” protesters, and by the time the firing stopped, 4 students were dead with 9 others seriously injured
