Chapter 3 – Spring 2014

1. Chapter 3 – Spring 2014

2. Section 3.1 – Critical Numbers and Absolute Extrema on an Interval

3. Critical Numbers Critical numbers are x values on a continuous function at which f’(x) = 0 or f’(x) DNE. What would these places look like on a graph? 1. Horizontal Tangents (Min/Max/half and half) 2. Vertical Tangents 3. Cusp

4. Find the critical numbers of the graph graphically, then algebraically Critical Numbers: x=0 and x=.816

5. Uses of critical numbers Critical numbers are locations where relative minimums and maximums are possible. They are also possible locations for absolute extrema of a function.

6. Locating Absolute Extrema on a closed interval The location of the absolute minimum and absolute maximum of a function on a closed interval must be located at one of two places. • Critical Numbers • Endpoints

7. Find the absolute extrema of on the interval [2,6]

8. Critical Numbers and Absolute Extrema Homework P 169 (13,15,16,21,23,30)

9. Section 3.2 – Rolle’s Theorem and Mean Value Theorem

10. Rolle’s Theorem Rolle’s Theorem states that on a continuous and differentiable interval between b and c, If f(b) = f(c), Then there is at least one number in between (we’ll call it d) where f’(d) = 0. Stated otherwise, if you place two points on a graph with the same y value, no matter how you connect them there will be at least one point in between with a horizontal tangent.

11. Why is Rolle’s Theorem Helpful Rolle’s Theorem is typically used to prove that a function has to have a relative minimum or a relative minimum. This is helpful when finding a derivative and setting it equal to zero is very cumbersome.

12. Using Rolle’s Theorem Consider the polynomial f(x)=(x-1)(x-3)(x-6) Using Rolle’s Theorem, explain why f(x) must have at least two locations where f’(x) = 0. One what intervals are the horizontal tangents located? (___,___) and (___,___)

13. Places Where Rolle’s Theorem Does Not Apply Below is the graph of f(x) = cot(x) from –π to π . f(-π/2)=0 and f(π/2)=0. Rolle’s Theorem states that if you place two points on a graph with the same y value, no matter how you connect them there will be at least one point in between with a horizontal tangent. Why does Rolle’s Theorem not apply here? The graph is not continuous.

14. Places Where Rolle’s Theorem Does Not Apply The graph below is f(x) = lx-2l+1. Why does Rolle’s Theorem not apply here? The graph is not differentiable at all point on the interval.

15. Determine whether Rolle’s Theorem applies to the function. If it does, write any intervals on which it applies. Then find all values of c on your intervals at which f’(c)=0

16. Determine whether Rolle’s Theorem applies to the function. If it does, write any intervals on which it applies. Then find all values of c on your intervals at which f’(c)=0

17. Rolle’s Theorem Homework Rolle’s Theorem: P 176 (1,2,8,11,18,19,29)

18. Mean Value Theorem The mean value theorem is an extension of Rolle’s Theorem. It states that on an interval (a,b) where the function is continuous and differentiable, the exists some point c where Stated otherwise, if you connect the to endpoints of a curve and find the slope, there is at least one point on the curve who derivative matches that slope.

19. Illustration of the Mean Value Theorem According to the mean value theorem there must be at least one other point between a and b with a derivative equal to that slope. Our eyes can easily confirm this is true by locating the tangent line with the same slope.

20. Using the Mean Value Theorem Given the function, f(x) = 3 – 8/x, does the Mean Value Theorem apply on the interval (4,8). If it does, find the values of c where The mean value theorem does apply on the interval (4,8). f’(c) = ¼ at c=5.66

21. Using the Mean Value Theorem Given the function, f(x) = , does the Mean Value Theorem apply on the interval (0,4). If it does, find the values of c where The mean value theorem does not apply on the interval (0,4) because function is not continuous or differentiable at all points.

22. Places where the Mean Value Theorem does not apply The Mean Value Theorem has the same conditions as Rolle’s Theorem. • The function must be continuous. • The function must be differentiable.

23. Using the Mean Value Theorem - Speeding Police recently installed two traffic cameras for recording license plate numbers on a highway where the speed limit is 65 MPH. You are the clerk for a county judge working on a case where a man received the following ticket in the mail. The man is contesting the ticket on the grounds that at no point did the police actually record him speeding with a radar gun. Your job is to provide a legal basis for the ticket to your boss. Speeding Violation - $235 1/3/14 License Plate BQG-923 Mile Marker 13 @ 10:12:00 AM Mile Marker 23 @ 10:20:30 AM

24. Mean Value Theorem HW Mean Value Theorem: P 177 (37,40,42,43,58,59)

25. Section 3.3 – Increasing and Decreasing Functions and the First Derivative Test

26. What is the Domain of the function Domain can be written in two ways: 1. Based on what is defined 2. Based on what isn’t defined. In Calculus we usually write the domain based on what is defined.

27. Increasing and Decreasing Functions If f(x) is a continuous and differentiable function on the interval (a,b), Then: • f’(x) > 0 for all x in (a,b) iff f(x) is increasing on the interval (a,b) • f’(x) < 0 for all x in (a,b) iff f(x) is decreasingon the interval (a,b) • f’(x) = 0 for all x in (a,b) iff f(x) is constanton the interval (a,b)

28. Where is the function increasing or deceasing? We describe where the function is increasing and decreasing the same way we write domain of a function

29. Determine where the function is increasing and decreasing without a graph. Functions change between increasing and decreasing at critical numbers, so let’s find the critical numbers and then make a chart. The critical numbers divide our intervals.

30. First Derivative Test The first derivative test requires an understanding of increasing and decreasing functions to determine relative minimums and maximums. A relative maximum is a point where the function is increasing on the left and decreasing on the right. A relative minimum is a point where the function is decreasing on the left and increasing on the right.

31. Determine where the function is increasing and decreasing. Then apply the first derivative test to determine the location of any relative minimums or maximums. The critical numbers divide the intervals. Functions change between increasing and decreasing at critical numbers, so let’s find the critical numbers and then make a chart.

32. Curve Sketching Using the Derivative Remember f’(x) provides the slopes, not y values

33. Curve Sketching Using the Derivative

34. Increasing, Decreasing, and First Derivative Test Homework. Increasing and Decreasing Functions: P 186 (3,6,7,11,13.80) First Derivative Test: P 186 (21,28,33,35,76)

35. Section 3.4 – Concavity and the Second Derivative

36. Concavity: Concave Up vs. Concave Down

37. Relationship between concavity and the second derivative When a function is concave down the first derivative is decreasing, so the second derivative is negative. When a function is concave up the first derivative is increasing, so the second derivative is positive.

38. Using Faces to Remember the Concavity and 2nd Derivative Connection

39. Describe the concavity of a function. We express the concavity of a function the same way we express domain, increasing, and decreasing by using interval notation. Concave Up: Concave Down:

40. Inflection Point On a continuous function, a point is an inflection point if the graph changes from concave up to concave down (or vise versa) at that location. An inflection point can also be described at a location where to second derivative changes from positive to negative (or vise versa). At an inflection point, f’’(x)=0 or it does not exist.

41. Locate the Inflection Points on the Graph Inflection Points:

42. Find the Inflection Points of Let’s find the second derivative because either f’’(x)=0 or does not exist at an inflection point.

43. Inflection points are x=0 and x=2

44. Determine the intervals on which the function below is concave up and concave down. Concavity changes when f’’(x)=0 or f’’(x) DNE. Let’s find these places and then make a chart.

45. Determine the intervals on which the function below is concave up and concave down. Concavity changes when f’’(x)=0 or f’’(x) DNE. Let’s find these places and then we’ll make a chart on the next slide. There are no points where f’’(x)=0, but f’’ DNE at x=-2 and x=2

47. Second Derivative Test The second derivative test applies the following understanding to determine which critical numbers are relative minimums and which are relative maximums. A relative maximum is always located on a section of the graph that is concave down, f’’(x) < 0 A relative minimum is always located on a section of a graph that is concave up, f’’(x) > 0

48. Find all Relative Extrema. Apply the Second Derivative Test to determine Max’s from Min’s. Relative extrema are located at critical numbers. Let’s locate them, then apply the second derivative test to see which are relative maximums or minimums.

49. Applying the 2nd Derivative Test

50. Sketch a Graph with the following Characteristics • f(1) = f(5) = 0 • f’(x) < 0 when x < 3 • f’(3) = 0 • f’’(x) < 0 for all values of x.