Spain

1. Spain monarchs

2. Until the reign of Carlos I – Spain was divided into the separate kingdoms of Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Navarre. Most of modern Spain was allied when Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon

3. Isabella and Ferdinand married 1469 • Isabella the Catholic • Start of the unification of Spain • Granada – Moors • Treaty of Granada 1492 – Moriscos • Jews – Conversos • 1492 – Alhambra Decree • Spanish Inquisition – Tomas de Torquemada • Hermanada • Ferdinand – control of Naples – battling to keep French out of Italy • Children: Joanna the Mad • Catherine of Aragon • Isabella was succeeded by her daughter Joanna the Mad (rule actually by son Charles V) • Ferdinand succeeded by his grandson Charles V HRE • ***use of religion to unify a nation – who is more powerful here – the church or the monarchy?????

4. Charles I of Spain r. 1516-1556 • See Holy Roman Emperors • Charles V HRE • First monarch to use term “His Majesty” “His Imperial Majesty” as the Spanish and Habsburg lands were so vast • “Spanish to God, French to men, Italian to women and German to his horse” • Ambiguous relationship with France • Legitimate children: Philip II of Spain • Illegitimate children: Margaret of Parma • Charles inherited the Low Countries and Franche-Comté from his father – ruled by his aunt Margaret as regent when Charles was young – Charles grew up here – area responsible for trade to the HRE

5. Inherited Habsburg lands in 1519 when Maximilian died – election as HRE held up by Francis I of France and Pope Leo X – 1527 Spanish troops invaded Rome and attacked the papacy – Charles crowned HRE by Clement VII 1530 – the last HRE to receive a papal coronation • In Spain, Charles installed an imperial rule – upset many • Expanded Spanish territories in New World • War with France: • 1521 – HRE, England, Papacy vs. France and Venice – drove French out of Milan and defeated the French at BATTLE OF PAVIA 1525 – Francis I forced to sign TREATY OF MADRID 1526 – France gave much of Burgundy to Charles Parlement of Paris later renounced treaty • League of Cognac – Papacy, England, Venice, Florence and Milan to resist HRE – SACK OF ROME 1527 – the Imperial control of the papacy prevented a Catholic annulment of the marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. • Treaty of Cambrai 1529 “Ladies’ Peace” Charles’ aunt Margaret and Francis I’s mother – France gave up claims in Italy and France retained Burgundy • 1535 – Charles tried to place his son Philip as Duke of Milan – Charles allied with Duke of Savoy – inconclusive war – French allied with Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I – Franco-Ottoman navies attacked Nice – Charles allied with Henry VIII • 1551 – Henry II of France fought Charles in Lorraine – inconclusive – Charles abdicated 1556 • War against the Ottoman Turks – 1529 Turkish siege of Vienna – 1526 Hungarians defeated at Battle of Mohacs • REFORMATION – “An argument between monks” – a religious and political attack on the power of the HRE • 1556 abdicated- Spain and Low Countries to son Philip II – brother Ferdinand I became HRE

6. Philip II son of Charles V • King of Spain 1556-1598 • King of Naples and Sicily 1554-1598 • King of Portugal 1580-1598 • Co-Regent of England 1556-1558 • Developed empire in the Americas with gold and silver from the native peoples • Led a bloody war in the Netherlands to maintain Spanish and Catholic power • Organized Spanish Armada to conquer England • m.1. Maria of Portugal • m.2. Mary I of England • m3. Elizabeth of Valois • m.4. Anne of Austria – daughter of Maximilian II HRE and Maria of Spain (Philip’s sister) – YES he married his niece • Succeeded by his son: Philip III

7. PHILIP III R. 1598-1621 • son of Philip II and his fourth wife • m. Margaret of Austria – sister of Ferdinand II HRE • their daughter: Anne of Austria m. Louis XIII of France • succeeded by son Philip IV

8. PHILIP IV r. 1621-1665 • m. Elizabeth of Bourbon – daughter of Henry IV of France • their daughter MARIA THERESE OF SPAIN m. Louis XIV of France this led • to the WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION • m2. Mariana of Austria • their son was: Charles II of Spain • succeeded by his son Charles/Carlos II

9. CHARLES II/CARLOS II “El Hechizado” “The Bewitched” • r. 1665-1700 • Charles suffered from the inbreeding of the Habsburgs – ex. His grandmother was also his aunt – he was descended from Joanna the Mad 14 different ways • He was exorcised – he was physically and mentally deformed • m. Marie Louise of Orleans – niece of Louis XIV of France – her husband’s impotency led her to obesity and death in her twenties. • Charles often had his dead relatives exhumed in order to look at them. • he left no children – leading to the WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION – his sister’s grandson Philip was placed on the throne.

11. PHILIP V The First Bourbon Spanish Monarch • r. 1700-1746 grandson of Philip IV of Spain • son of: Louis, Le Grand Dauphin • – son of Louis XIV of France and Maria Therese of Spain • his reign was brought about by the WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION – European nations feared that a Bourbon on the throne of Spain and France would alter the balance of European power. The was ended with the Treaty of Utrecht – Philip was allowed to remain as king BUT the two thrones could never be united. • succeeded by his son Ferdinand VI

12. FERDINAND VI r. 1746-1759 succeeded by his half-brother Charles III

13. CHARLES III r. 1759-1788 – also King of the Two Sicilies • son of: Philip V • succeeded by son Charles IV

14. CHARLES IV r. 1788-1808 abdicated when Spain was overrun by NAPOLEON – who made his brother Joseph king of Spain • painting of Charles IV and his family by GOYA

15. JOSEPH BONAPARTE • r. 1808-1813 – placed on the throne of Spain by his brother NAPOLEON – removed from power by the forces against Napoleon

16. FERDINAND VII – r. 1813-1833 son of Charles IV • Restored to power after the defeat of Napoleon • REVOLUTION OF 1820 – Ferdinand gave in to liberal reforms – only later to have conservative forces from the French, etc. help him regain all power and negate the liberal reforms. • succeeded by his daughter Isabella II

17. ISABELLA II r. 1833-1868/1870 • CORTES abandoned Salic Law • Corrupt leader and government • Revolution of 1868 forced her removal – she abdicated in 1870 • Her removal was a cause of the Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871 • 1870 the Spanish government elected Amadeus – son of Victor Emmanuel of Italy as king – but he abdicated in 1873 and was followed briefly by the FIRST SPANISH REPUBLIC but in 1874 Isabella’s son Alfonso XII regained the throne.

18. AMADEUS • r. 1870-1873 • abdicated – replaced by the First Spanish republic 1873-1874 – 1874 Alfonso XIII assumed power

19. ALFONSO XII • r. 1874-1885 son of Isabella II • succeeded by his son Alfonso XIII

20. ALFONSO XIII r. 1886-1931 • Born several months after his father’s death • m. Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg – granddaughter of QUEEN VICTORIA • removed from power when the SECOND SPANISH RPEUBLIC was declared in 1931 – went into exile – tried to influence the Spanish Civil War. • his son Juan de Borbon, Count of Barcelona was his heir – but never recognized as king – in 1975 after the death of Spanish dictator FRANCISCO FRANCO – Spain became a constitutional monarchy under the rule of Juan’s son –

21. JUAN CARLOS r. 1975- • grandson of Alfonso XIII