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Short-term Working Memory Chapter 5

Short-term Working Memory Chapter 5. Nov. 7, 2013. Chapter 5.2. Outline Short-term Working Memory Recall Serial position curves The STM-LTM distinction Retrieval models Representation Phonological, semantic and visual codes. Study Question.

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Short-term Working Memory Chapter 5

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  1. Short-term Working Memory Chapter 5

  2. Nov. 7, 2013 Chapter 5.2 Outline • Short-term Working Memory • Recall • Serial position curves • The STM-LTM distinction • Retrieval models • Representation • Phonological, semantic and visual codes Study Question. • Describe an experiment that shows a dissociation between short and long-term memory.

  3. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Serial Position effects • E.g., Beach Plate Potato Coat Basket Pillow Candle Tent Shoe Pipe Tree Hat

  4. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Empirical support for a STM - LTM distinction • Craik’s (1970) Experiment • Subjects were presented with 10 lists of 15 words • Tested immediately after each list • Given a surprise test at the end for all the lists

  5. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Empirical support for a STM - LTM distinction • Postman & Phillips (1965) • Free recall of lists • Either immediate recall or 30s of counting backwards by 3s.

  6. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Retrieval from STM • Memory scanning task • Memory set is presented (e.g., B V K G) • Probe item is presented (e.g., K) • Subject must indicate as quickly and accurately as possible whether letter was part of the memory set • Size of the memory set varies (e.g., from 1-6)

  7. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Retrieval from STM • Memory scanning task predictions • Parallel Search: Time does not vary with set size

  8. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Retrieval from STM • Serial, self-terminating • Time varies with set size but matches are faster on average than mismatches

  9. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Retrieval from STM • Serial, exhaustive • Time varies with set size and matches and mismatches don’t differ -- both involve complete scan

  10. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • Retrieval from STM • Results

  11. Short-term Working Memory • STM and Recall • A parallel search account. • Process all targets at the same time • Assume time to process targets 400 ms + 40ms/(proportion of available resources) 1 item -> 1.00 resources, time = 400 + 40/1 = 440 2 items -> .50 resources, time = 400 + 40/.50 = 480 3 items -> .33 resources, time = 400 + 40/.33 = 520 4 items -> .25 resources, time = 400 + 40/.25 = 560 Etc. Time for absent trials = Time for present trials

  12. Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • The phonological loop: An acoustic-articulatory code • Wickelgrin (1965) • Observers recall lists of letters presented auditorily • Errors tended to be acoustic • e.g., K for A; P for C; etc. • Conrad (1964) • Are errors a function of recall modality? • Tested visual and audiory • - Observers tended to make acoustic errors in both

  13. Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • Semantic codes • Wickens (1972)

  14. Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • Semantic codes • Shulman (1972) • Observers performed a probe recognition task • Lists were words • Observers search STM for • • the identical word (II) • • a synonym (SS) • Interest in mistaking synonyms for targets (IS)

  15. Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • Semantic codes • Shulman (1972) • Results - Observers were twice as likely to errantly identify a nonexistent item when a semantic match was present

  16. Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • Visuo-spatial codes • Brandimonte • Had observers commit to memory 6 line drawn objects • - Full attention • - Or while saying la-la-la • Observers described what the object would become if a certain portion was removed • Results • - Observers performed better when the phonological loop was tied up (la-la-la condition)

  17. Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • Visuo-spatial codes • The mental rotation task

  18. Slow Response time Fast 360 0 180 Angle of Disparity Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • Visuo-spatial codes • The mental rotation task

  19. Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM: • Visual vs. acoustic codes • Brooks (1968) • Two tasks • Identifying the nouns in a sentence • Identifying the outside corners of block letters

  20. Yes No Response Yes No Yes No Task Verbal Pointing No Yes No Yes 13.8 9.8 Verbal Yes No Yes No 28.2 Visual 11.3 Yes No Yes No Yes No Short-term Working Memory • Coding in STM • Visual vs. acoustic codes • Brooks (1968) • Two ways of responding • Acoustically (yes, no, no, yes, yes, etc.) • Visually

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