ENERGY, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

1. ENERGY,Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

2. Releasing Food Energy

3. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule • All ______ is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion. • By the time food reaches your ____________, it has been broken down into nutrient rich molecules that can enter your cells. food bloodstream

4. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule Cellular reactions • ___________________ then break down the food molecules, __________ energy for the biological work your cells need to perform. • ______ = the ability to do work releasing Energy

5. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate) • _____________________________= energy storing molecule

6. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule • Cells STORE energy by bonding a third _______________ to ____ (adenosine diphosphate) to form ____. • Cells RELEASE energy when ATP breaks down into ____ and _________! phosphate group ADP ATP ADP phosphate

7. I. ATP Energy In A Molecule

8. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule formation • Within a cell, _________ of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, ________________ each time! storing energy

9. I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule • Cells use energy for: • Maintaining ____________ • Eliminating _______ • Transmitting _________ (nerve cells) • Cellular __________ (muscle cells) • Without ATP a cell would ____! homeostasis wastes impulses movement die

10. Photosynthesis

11. I. Overview:“The Big Picture” • _______________ = the process that provides energy for almost all life. • ___________ = organisms that make their own food. • Ex. plants • Photosynthesis requires: • The _____________, ______ and ________________ to make ________________________ and _______ as byproducts. Photosynthesis Autotrophs Sun’s energy carbon dioxide water carbohydrate molecules oxygen

12. chlorophyll • The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

14. I. Overview: “The Big Picture” ATP cellular respiration • The energy stored in glucose and other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ____ during the process of _____________________. • We’ll discuss cellular respiration in more detail very soon!

15. I. Overview: “The Big Picture” NOT The process of photosynthesis does ____ happen all at once; rather it occurs in 2 stages:

16. I. Overview: “The Big Picture” LIGHT REACTIONS Light energy chemical energy Energy sunlight chlorophyll • STAGE 1 – called the ________________. • _____________ is converted to _______________. • Takes place - _______ is captured from _________ in the _____________ of the chloroplasts of plant cells • A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts!

17. Stage 1: Light Reactions Water light energy chemical energy ATP and NADPH O2 ______ is split into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain. The _____________ is now converted to __________________, which is temporarily stored in _______________ (energy molecules). The ___ diffuses out of the chloroplasts.

18. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle CALVIN CYCLE Dark Reaction Carbon dioxide NADPH ATP carbohydrate molecules • Stage 2 – Called the _______________ or ________________ • _______________ (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in _____ and _________ powers the formation of ______________________________ (sugars, starch and fiber)

19. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle stroma • Takes place – in the ________ of a chloroplast

20. Stage 2: Calvin Cycle

21. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flowchart Sunlight H2O CO2 NADPH ATP O2 C6H12O6 Dark Reaction Light Reaction

22. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Equation chlorophyll C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O 6CO2 Sunlight ______ + _____ + _________ → ________ + ____

23. Cellular Respiration

24. ______________________ = an energy (ATP) releasing process. • PLANTS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during _______________ are broken down so energy is released. • ANIMALS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during __________ are broken down so energy is released. Cellular respiration photosynthesis OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture digestion

25. Equation: C6H12O6+ 6O2 →6H2O + 6CO2+ ATP OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture

26. C6H12O6 + 6O2 →6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP • The PRODUCTS of ________________ glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the REACTANTS used in _____________________. • The WASTE PRODUCTS of ______________________, CO2 and water, are the REACTANTS used in _________________. photosynthesis cellular respiration cellular respiration photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

27. Processes: 1. ____________ 2. ______________ (Citric Acid Cycle) 3. ____________________ (ETC) Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture

28. 1. ___________________ – OXYGEN is present • If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the __________ of glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic respiration. • 2 major stages: ______________ & ________________________ • Produces large amounts of ATP Aerobic respiration products Kreb’s Cycle II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain

29. 2. _____________________ = No OXYGEN is present. • Aka . . . ____________ • ___ additional _____ is created AFTER glycolysis produces 2 ATP. Anaerobic respiration fermentation No ATP II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration

30. glycolysis • Note: Both types of respiration BEGIN with ____________.

31. 1. __________ : • Occurs in the ____________ of the cell • Starting molecule: ONE molecule of _________ (__________) Glycolysis cytoplasm C6H12O6 glucose III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

32. Produces: TWO _______________ or ___________ (________) • ____________ molecules • Attaches H’s and Nad+ (electron carrier) and forms _______ (_______________________) pyruvic acids pyruvates C3H6O3 2 ATP NADH high energy molecule Glycolysis . . .

33. 2. ___________________________________: _____________________ • ____________ process (requires oxygen) • Occurs in the ________________ Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Aerobic respiration Aerobic mitochondrion III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

34. Starting molecules: _____________ and ________ • Produces: ______________, ____ and _______ molecules • Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more _____ in the _____. 2 pyruvates oxygen NADH and FADH2 CO2 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle: ATP ETC

35. 3. ___________________________________: _____________________ • ____________ process (requires oxygen) • Occurs in the ________________ of the ______________ Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Aerobic respiration Aerobic inner membrane mitochondria III. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

36. Starting Molecules: _____________________ and _________. • Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the ______________ and another NADH from ____________. NADH and FADH2 oxygen Kreb’s Cycle Glycolysis ETC . . . :

37. Produces: _______ and ___________ • FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can attach to ________ and produce _______. • Energy is released as a result of breaking down these molecules. water 32 ATP’s water oxygen ETC:

38. To transfer chemical energy (_________) to a form of energy that is __________ by cells (_____)!!! • Total net gain of ATP molecules per 1 glucose = ____________ glucose useable ATP 36 ATP’s Importance of Aerobic Respiration:

39. aerobic anaerobic Anaerobic Respiration

40. Occurs _______ glycolysis, only if ____ oxygen is present. • ____ additional _____ is created after the 2 ATP’s from glycolysis! AFTER NO No ATP IV. Aerobic Respiration Processes:

41. 1. _____________________: • Occurs in ________________ • Starting molecules: _____________ and ______ (from glycolysis) • Produces: _______________ and ________________. • Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of _______. Alcoholic fermentation plants and yeast 2 pyruvates NADH ethyl alcohol Anaerobic Respiration2 Types carbon dioxide yeast • Used to make wine and beer.

42. 2. _______________________: • Occurs in ________ • Starting molecules: _____________ and ______ (from glycolysis) • Produces: _______________. • Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food products such as ________ and ________. Lactic Acid fermentation animals 2 pyruvates NADH lactic acid Anaerobic Respiration2 Types yogurt cheese

43. Lactic Acid Fermentation: • DURING EXERCISE: breathing ________ provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration cannot

44. Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise: • When muscles run out of ________, the cells switch to _________________________. • Provides your _________ with the energy then needed during exercise. oxygen lactic acid fermentation muscles

45. Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise: • Side effects of lactic acid fermentation are _________________, ______, ________, and __________. • Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuses into the bloodstream, then to the liver; where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen comes available. muscle fatigue pain cramps soreness

46. AEROBIC Respiration • (_____________________________________) oxygen PRESENT

47. Aerobic Respiration FADH2 + NADH #2 Kreb’s Cycle #1 Glycolysis 2 Pyruvates #3 ETC NADH NADH 2 ATP 32 ATP 2 ATP

48. Aerobic Respiration EQUATION: C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O 6CO2 ________ + _____ → ______ + ______ + _______ 36 ATP

49. ANAEROBIC Respiration • (_____________________________________) NO oxygen PRESENT

50. Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals Glycolysis 2 Pyruvates NADH Plants & Yeast Ethyl Alcohol Alcoholic Fermentation 2 ATP