Why did Rome become a conqueror?

2. Why did Rome become a conqueror? • Framework

3. Why did Rome become a conqueror? • Framework • Why? Theories • Continual Self-Defense • Greed/Aggressiveness • Nature of Political Prestige/Power • Political Advancement • Dignitas

4. Why did Rome become a conqueror? • Framework • Why? Theories • How? Theories: • Genius? • Material Circumstances • Roman Determination

5. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28)

6. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

7. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

8. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

9. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

10. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

11. Who are the Carthaginians? • Powerful Trading Empire • Similarities to Rome • Differences from Rome FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

12. Who are the Carthaginians? • Powerful Trading Empire • Similarities to Rome • Differences from Rome • Background to Conflict • Rome respects Carth domain over Medit • Rome Expands • Greek Pressure • Where might battle take place? FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

13. Who are the Carthaginians? • Powerful Trading Empire • Similarities to Rome • Differences from Rome • Background to Conflict • Rome respects Carth domain over Medit • Rome Expands • Greek Pressure • Where might battle take place? • Sicily FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars

14. First Punic War • Land Power vs. Sea Power • Rome and Naval Warfare

15. First Punic War • Land Power vs. Sea Power • Rome and Naval Warfare • Course of War • Roman Victories • Shipwrecks • Roman Determination • HamilcarBarca • Carthaginian Politics

16. First Punic War • Land Power vs. Sea Power • Rome and Naval Warfare • Course of War • Roman Victories • Shipwrecks • Roman Determination • HamilcarBarca • Carthaginian Politics • Effects • Cash to Rome • Carth gives up Sicilian Claims • Sicily=First Overseas Province

17. Second Punic War • Interwar Developments • Roman Progress • Carthaginian Progress

18. Second Punic War • Interwar Developments • Roman Progress • Carthaginian Progress • Hannibal’s Success • Hannibal’s Idea

19. Second Punic War • Interwar Developments • Roman Progress • Carthaginian Progress • Hannibal’s Success • Hannibal’s Idea • Cross Alps

20. Second Punic War • Interwar Developments • Roman Progress • Carthaginian Progress • Hannibal’s Success • Hannibal’s Idea • Cross Alps • Military Genius • Cannae

21. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman Cavalry Roman Heavy Infantry Roman Skirmishers Carthaginian Skirmishers Numidian Cavalry Gallic & allied infantry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry

22. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman Cavalry Roman Heavy Infantry Roman Skirmishers Carthaginian Skirmishers Numidian Cavalry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Heavy Libyan Infantry Gallic & allied infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry While the Carthaginian skirmishers clash with the Roman skirmishers, they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap.

23. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Italian & Roman Cavalry Roman Heavy Infantry Italian & Roman Cavalry Roman Skirmishers Carthaginian Skirmishers Numidian Cavalry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Gallic & allied infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry While the Carthaginian skirmishers clash with the Roman skirmishers, they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap.

24. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Aufidus R. Roman Skirmishers Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman Cavalry Roman Heavy Infantry Numidian Cavalry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Gallic & allied infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Carthaginian Skirmishers The skirmishers filter back through their respective armies, allowing the Roman legions to attack the thin Carthaginian center.

25. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman Cavalry Roman Skirmishers Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Numidian Cavalry Gallic & allied infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Carthaginian Skirmishers As the Roman legionaries press forward, they push back the Carthaginian line….

26. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Roman Skirmishers Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman Cavalry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Numidian Cavalry Gallic & allied infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Carthaginian Skirmishers …. first flattening it out….

27. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Italian & Roman Cavalry Italian & Roman Cavalry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Numidian Cavalry Roman Skirmishers Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Gallic & allied infantry Carthaginian Skirmishers … and then forcing it back into a concave shape. Meanwhile the Carthaginian cavalry on the left has beaten the opposing Roman cavalry. While some of them continue to pursue the fleeing Roman cavalry, the rest swing around to hit the exposed rear of the Roman line, first driving the Roman skirmishers back into the ranks of the legions.

28. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Italian & Roman Cavalry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Numidian Cavalry Roman Skirmishers Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Gallic & allied infantry Carthaginian Skirmishers At the same time, the Libyan infantry on the flanks of the main body of Carthaginian infantry swing around to attack the exposed flanks of the Roman infantry.

29. The Battle of Cannae, 216 BCE Aufidus R. Italian & Roman Cavalry Numidian Cavalry Spanish & Gallic Cavalry Heavy Libyan Infantry Heavy Libyan Infantry Gallic & allied infantry Carthaginian Skirmishers With that, the trap is sprung,with the Roman legions surrounded and hemmed in so tight they cannot even raise their arms to defend themselves. From this point on, it was just a massacre.

30. The ensuing slaughter was probably the worst military defeat in Roman history as Roman soldiers were packed in so tightly they had no room to raise their arms to defend themselves.

31. Second Punic War • Interwar Developments • Roman Progress • Carthaginian Progress • Hannibal’s Success • Hannibal’s Idea • Cross Alps • Military Genius • Cannae • Slow Defeat of Hannibal • Siege and Fabian Strategy • Italians mostly stay loyal • Hannibal Roams • Return to North Africa • Scipio (202) and Surrender (201)

32. Second Punic War • Interwar Developments • Roman Progress • Carthaginian Progress • Hannibal’s Success • Hannibal’s Idea • Cross Alps • Military Genius • Cannae • Slow Defeat of Hannibal • Siege and Fabian Strategy • Italians mostly stay loyal • Hannibal Roams • Return to North Africa • Scipio (202) and Surrender (201) • Effects • Devastation of Carthage • Rome • Medit Power • Militia to Prof Army • Scipio, Dignitas, Political Power

33. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean

35. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

36. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

37. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

38. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

39. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

40. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

41. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

42. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

43. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E

44. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E Empire Serious problems (FC.30)

45. A FC.29 ROMAN DOMINANCE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (264-133 B.C.E.) Strong Roman state ruling Italy (FC.28) Roman territory borders new neighbors Rome eventually wins those wars New mutual fears &/or chances for conquests PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION PATTERN OF ROMAN EXPANSION Rome starts or is drawn into new wars Two desperate wars vs. Carthage (264-241 & 218-201 B.C.E.) because: Rome must protect trade of Greeks in S. Italy Interest in Sicily which is rich & very close to Italy Rome a major naval power controlling Sicily & W. Mediterranean Rome attacks Carthage & Spanish Celts because: Rome drawn into wars vs. Macedon & Seleucid Asia because: Carthage had conquered Spain & used it vs. Rome Rome attacks Pirates in Adriatic Mac. attacks Rome Rome still feared Celts & Carthage after 2 wars Constant bickering b/w Grks who run to Rome for help Brutal & treacherous conquest of Carthage & Spain by 133 B.C.E. Rome annexes Macedon, Greece, & Pergamum in Asia Minor by 133 B.C.E Empire Serious problems (FC.30) Ambitious genl’s (e.g., Caesar in Gaul & Pompey in Asia) conquer rest of the Mediterranean (FC.31)