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Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation. Linguistics 200 Spring 2003. More word formation types. How are new words created? What is the structure of existing words? More types of morphology Infixation Reduplication Portmanteau morphemes Ablaut Position class morphology
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Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation Linguistics 200 Spring 2003
More word formation types • How are new words created? What is the structure of existing words? • More types of morphology • Infixation • Reduplication • Portmanteau morphemes • Ablaut • Position class morphology • Simultaneous morphology
Infixation Ulwa possessive forms
Infixation: placement of the infix marks primary stress; -ka- ‘his/her’
Infixation: placement of the infix • In Ulwa, possessive affixes follow the stressed syllable (infixation as a special case of suffixation)
Reduplication RED (reduplicant): • a morpheme which copies the phonological segments of the root it is attached to • partial reduplication (affixational) vs. total reduplication (compounding)
Total reduplication • Sahaptin inanimate plurals • [p’u] ‘teardrop’ • [p’úp’u] ‘teardrops’ • English: ‘real, true’ • red red (vs. blue red) • home home • India Indian
Partial reduplication: suffixing Chukchee (Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Russia) -RED = absolutive singular (of noun)
Partial reduplication: prefixing Klamath (Penutian, Oregon) RED- = plural subjects of verbs
Partial reduplication: Prefixing Yoruba (Niger-Congo, Nigeria) RED- nouns derived from verbs Prespecification: part of RED is phonologically fixed; part of RED copies the root [V] = high tone vowel, [V] = low tone vowel, [V] = mid tone vowel
Reduplication summary • Total reduplication compounding • Partial reduplication affixation • prefixing reduplication • suffixing reduplication • infixing reduplication
Portmanteau morphemes • Single phonological representation corresponds to two meanings. • Verb paradigms in Sekani (Athabaskan): • (‘paradigm’ = set of related items) perfective past; imperfective present; optative subjunctive)
Portmanteau morphemes [] = voiced velar fricative i- 1s.perfective; s- 1s
Witsuwit’en • (Athabaskan, British Columbia)
Witsuwit’en morphology • Morphological processes • affixation • compounding • ablaut
Witsuwit’en morphology • Affixable lexical categories • nouns • verbs • postpositions • directional adverbs • adjectives
Ablaut = Root-internal vowel substitution English present past past participle sing sang have sung ring rang have rung
Ablaut in Witsuwit’en verb root impf/opt perfective future -/qes/ ‘scratch hard’ –[qes] –[qez] –[q«s] -/q«z/ ‘do with arms’ –[qis] –[q«z] –[q«s] Ablaut pattern: /i/ replaces /«/ in the imperfective/optative /«/ replaces /e/ in the future
Affixation to nouns A possessive paradigm:
Prepositions and postpositions Prepositions: preposition - nouncount for me verb preposition noun Postpositions: noun – postposition. Witsuwit’en: [s- pe c’ot«w]me for you (sg.) count noun postposition verb ‘count for me’
Morphological analysis (revised) Prefixes to nouns/postpositions:
Nouns vs. postpositions 1. y- 3sg. object of postposition vs. p- 3sg. possessor • -le ‘hand’(noun) vs. -le ‘hand to’(postposition) • ple yunqhat ‘he slapped his hand’ he slapped it • yle yinay ‘he handed it to him’ he handed it
Nouns vs. postpositions 2. t- reflexive (‘-self’) • - ‘with’ (postposition) vs. -Âtsen ‘brother’ (noun) • t neyecltc ‘I’m talking to myself’ • t neyeltc ‘she’s talking to herself’ • sÂtsen pq’Esy’ ‘I love my brother’ • tÂtsen yq’Entsy’ ‘she loves her brother’ • t- 3 person reflexive with nouns; t- reflexive with postpositions
Affixation to verbs • Unusual features • Position class morphology: (prefix order restrictions) prefix- prefix- ...-verb root-suffix (position 1) (position 2) etc. • Discontinuous morphemes
Some verbs (dictionary entry) • -yin 'sg./du. stand' • -tseq ‘be lightweight’ • -/as ‘du./group goes, walks’ • O-u-yin ‘pick O (berries) while stationary’ • d-d-/as ‘du. pick berries (while walking around)’ O = object
Some verbs (actual words) • Minimal verb word: dictionary form of verb+‘tense’ • [sa n«/a] ‘the sun/moon is going’ • sa ‘sun, moon’ • -a 'sun, moon goes' • n«- continuative (‘round-trip’) • [sa ia] ‘the sun/moon is moving' • i-...- progressive
Position class morphology Verb prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier – tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense [sa ia] ‘the sun/moon is moving' i- tense + -a root + - tense
Some more verb words 1. [tci uyin] 'he/she is picking huckleberries' [tci] ‘huckleberries’ O-u-yin 'pick O (berries) while stationary‘ O- u - yin (object required) qualifier –root - imperfective (tense position) Ø / u ___ Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject – qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense
2. [c'oyin] 'he/she is picking' c'- unspecified object (pronominal object/subject position) (c’ + u c’o) Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense
3. [c'onyin] 'he/she is picking (round things)' n- round object (optional) (qualifier position) Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense
4. [wec'onsyin’] 'he/she isn't picking (round things)' we- negative (negative position) s- non-perfective negative (tense position) - (negative position) n + / n’ Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg – subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative- tense
5. [wec'onzsyin’] 'I'm not picking (round things)' s- 1sg. subject (subject position) /s/ [z] / ___ V Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg –subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense
6. [wec'onthzisyit] 'I won't pick (round things)‘ th- future (qualifier position) i- (tense position) - (tense position) // + / t /n/ Ø / ___ C]syllable Prefix positions: postposition/adverbial – iterative – multiple plural – negative – incorporated root – inceptive – distributive plural – pronominal object/subject –qualifier –tense/neg –subject – valence Root Suffix positions: negative - tense
Morphological structure 'I'm not going to pick (round) things' negative round 1 sg. subject [we- c’- o- n- th- [] z- i- s- yi -t -] unspecified object future ‘pick (berries) while stationary’
Witsuwit’en summary • Lexical categories: nouns vs. postpositions • Ablaut • Affixation • with nouns, postpositions: relatively simple (one or two bound morphemes per word) • with verbs: multiple prefixes possible, prefixes strictly ordered (position classes), discontinuous morphemes