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Genetika Mendel

Genetika Mendel. Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). Menemukan hukum pewarisan suatu sifat. Gregor Johann Mendel. Seorang pendeta bangsa Austria Meneliti pewarisan sifat pada tanaman arcis ( pea) Menghasilkan Hukum Sistem pewarisan Temuan Mendel tak diterima sampai menjelang abad ke 20.

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Genetika Mendel

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  1. Genetika Mendel

  2. Gregor Mendel(1822-1884) Menemukan hukum pewarisan suatu sifat

  3. Gregor Johann Mendel • Seorang pendeta bangsa Austria • Meneliti pewarisan sifat pada tanaman arcis (pea) • Menghasilkan Hukum Sistem pewarisan • Temuan Mendel tak diterima sampai menjelang abad ke 20

  4. Gregor Johann Mendel • Antara 1856 and 1863, Mendel menanam dan menguji 28,000 tanaman arcis • Dia mencatat bahwa selama penelitian sifat induk tetap muncul pada anak • Dijuluki “Father of Genetics"

  5. Site of Gregor Mendel’s experimental garden in the Czech Republic

  6. Genetic Terminology • Trait - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring • Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring

  7. 1). ISTILAH-2 DASAR TERKAIT PEWARISAN SIFAT a. GEN – ALEL Gb. Kromosom mengandung Gen-2 • GEN: FAKTOR GENETIK PENGATUR SIFAT • Contoh: gen M mengatur sifat warna bunga, gen K mengatur sifat warna biji • ALEL: BENTUK ALTERNATIF SUATU GEN • Contoh: Gen M (pengatur warna bunga) mempunyai 2 alel: • alel M menyebabkan bunga berwarna merah • alel m menyebabkan bunga berwarna putih Contoh: Gen K mengatur sifat warna biji mempunyai 2 alel: • Alel K menyebabkan biji berwarna kuning • Alel k menyebabkan biji berwarna hijau

  8. b. GENOTIPE • GENOTIPE (G): susunan genetik (gen-2) organisme • Gen-2 berpasangan (dari tetua jantan dan tetua betina) Contoh: Genotipe organisme berdasar 3 pasang gen (Gambar) mempunyai genotipe: MM KK Bb PASANGAN GEN/ALEL dibedakan atas: • HOMOZIGOT: mempunyai alel sama, contoh: MM, KK • HETEROZIGOT: mempunyai alel tidak sama, contoh: Bb

  9. c. FENOTIPE

  10. Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments

  11. Mengapa arcis,Pisum sativum? • Dapat ditanam ditempat sempit • Menghasilkan banyak keturunan • Menghasilkan tanaman homozigot jika menyerbuk sendiri • Mudah menyilangkan

  12. Reproduksi pada tanaman Pollen contains sperm Produced by the stamen Ovary contains eggs Found inside the flower • Pollen membawa sperm ke egg untukfertilisasi • Self-fertilizationterjadipadabungaygsama • Cross-fertilizationterjadiantarabungaberbeda

  13. Mendel hand-pollinated flowers using a paintbrush He could snip the stamens to prevent self-pollination He traced traits through the several generations Mendel’s Experimental Methods

  14. Percobaan Mendel Mendel membuat tanaman homozigot dengan membiarkannya menyerbuk sendiri beberapa generasi

  15. Delapan sifat arcis Seed shape--- Round (R) or Wrinkled (r) Seed Color---- Yellow (Y) or  Green (y) Pod Shape--- Smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) Pod Color---  Green (G) or Yellow (g) Seed Coat Color---Gray (G) or White (g) Flower position---Axial (A) or Terminal (a) Plant Height--- Tall (T) or Short (t) Flower color --- Purple (P) or white (p)

  16. Mendel’s Experimental Results

  17. Rasio Pengamatan Vs rasio teoritis Rasio teoritis tanaman berbiji bundar (round) atau kisut (wrinkled) adalah 3 round : 1 wrinkled Rasio yang diamati Mendel adalah 2.96:1 Perbedaan disebabkan kesalahan statistik (statistical error) Semakin besar sample semakin mendekati rasio teoritis

  18. Macam Generasi Induk (Parental) P1= generasiindukdalamsuatupercobaangenetika Generasi F1= Generasiturunanpertama(1st filial generation) dalamsuatupercobaangenetika Generasi F2= Generation turunankeduageneration dalamsuatupercobaangenetika. (2nd filial generation)

  19. Following the Generations Persilangan 2 induk homozigotTT x tt Hasilnya semua HybridsTt Persilangan 2 Hybridmenghasilkan 3 Tinggi & 1 pendekTT, Tt, tt

  20. Monohybrid

  21. a). Hk. MENDEL I(Hukum Segregasi/Pemisahan Pasangan Gen/Alel): Pada pembentukan gamet*), ALEL DARI PASANGAN-2 GEN AKAN “MEMISAH (BERSEGREGASI) ke dalam Gamet-gamet yg dibentuk” • *) Perbiakan generatif melibatkan: • Pembentukan gamet-2 • Penyatuan gamet

  22. P1 Monohybrid Cross Sifat: bentuk biji (Seed Shape) Alleles: R – Round r – Wrinkled Cross: RoundseedsxWrinkled seeds RRx rr Genotype:Rr Phenotype:Round GenotypicRatio:Semua sama PhenotypicRatio: Semua sama r r Rr Rr R R Rr Rr

  23. Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive • Keturunan semua Heterozygot(hybrids) • Keturunan disebut generasi F1 • Rasio Genotip & Phenotip sama semua

  24. Persilangan F1 Monohybrid Trait: Bentuk biji Alleles: R – bundar r – Kisut Cross: BijiBundarx biji Bundar Rrx Rr Genotip:RR, Rr, rr Phenotip:Bundar & kisut Rasio Gntp:1:2:1 Rasio Pntp: 3:1 R r RR Rr R r Rr rr

  25. Heterozygot x heterozygot Keturunan (Offspring):25% Dominan HomozygotRR50% HeterozygotRr25% Recessif Homozygous rr • Offspring disebutF2 generation • Rasio Genotyp adalah1:2:1 • Rasio Phenotyp adalah 3:1

  26. Bentuk Biji Yang kelihatan

  27. Uji Silang (Test Cross) Mendel menyilangkan homozigot & hybrida dari generasiF2 Dua kemungkinan test cross:Homozygot dominant x HybridHomozygot recessive x Hybrid

  28. F2 Monohybrid Cross (1st) Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Bundar r – Kisut Cross: Biji Bundarx Biji Bundar RRx Rr Genotip:RR, Rr Phenotip:Bundar Rasio Genotip:1:1 Rasio Phenotip: Semua sama Bundar R r RR Rr R R RR Rr

  29. F2 Monohybrid Cross Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R – Bundar r – Kisut Cross: Biji Kisutx Biji Bundar rrx Rr R r Genotip:Rr, rr Phenotip:Bundar & Kisut Rasio Gntp:1:1 Rasio pntp: 1:1 Rr rr r r Rr rr

  30. F2 Monohybrid Cross Review • Homozygot x heterozygot • Keturunan:50% Homozygot RR or rr50% HeterozygotRr • Rasio Phenotip adalah 1:1

  31. Practice Your Crosses Work the P1, F1, and both F2 Crosses for each of the other Seven Pea Plant Traits

  32. Tugas : • BuatPersilangan : • AntaraHomozigot x Homozigot : • (tigamacam) • AntaraHomozigot x Heterozigot : • (tigamacam) • AntaraHeterozigot x Heterozigot (1 macam) • Buatlengkapdenganskema, perbandingangenotipedanfenotipe yang dihasilkanbaikpada F1 dan F2

  33. Mendel’s Laws

  34. Results of Monohybrid Crosses Inheritablefactors or genesare responsible for all heritable characteristics Phenotype is based on Genotype Each traitis based ontwo genes, one from the mother and the other from the father True-breeding individuals are homozygous ( both alleles) are the same

  35. Law of Dominance In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. All the offspring will be heterozygous and express only the dominant trait. RR x rr yields all Rr (round seeds)

  36. Law of Dominance

  37. Law of Segregation During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.

  38. Applying the Law of Segregation

  39. Law of Independent Assortment Alleles for differenttraits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another. This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.

  40. Dihybrid Cross A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits. Mendel’s “Law of Independent Assortment” a. Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation b. Formula: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)

  41. Question:How many gametes will be produced for the following allele arrangements? Remember:2n (n = # of heterozygotes) 1. RrYy 2. AaBbCCDd 3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq

  42. Answer: 1. RrYy: 2n = 22 = 4 gametes RY Ry rY ry 2. AaBbCCDd: 2n = 23 = 8 gametes ABCD ABCd AbCD AbCd aBCD aBCd abCD abCD 3. MmNnOoPPQQRrssTtQq: 2n = 26 = 64 gametes

  43. Dihybrid Cross Traits: Seed shape & Seed color Alleles:R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green RrYy x RrYy RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry All possible gamete combinations

  44. Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry

  45. Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3 wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1 RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

  46. Dihybrid Cross Round/Yellow: 9Round/green: 3wrinkled/Yellow: 3wrinkled/green: 1 9:3:3:1

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