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Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud.

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Sigmund Freud

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  1. Sigmund Freud • <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.freud.org.uk/Sigmund.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freud.org.uk/dreamwork.html&h=322&w=315&sz=20&hl=en&start=40&um=1&tbnid=NrbN2HGDyfVCGM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=115&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsigmund%2Bfreud%2Bcartoon%2Bimage%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN> • http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/mgt/lowres/mgtn110l.jpg>

  2. Sigmund Freud • 1856-1939 • Father of psychoanalysis • Aim in life: “agitate the sleep of mankind” • Founded new field of psychology, creating new, scientific conception of the individual

  3. Freud’s Biography • Born in May 6, 1856, in Moravian town of Freiberg, then a part of Austro-Hungarian empire (today: a part of Czech Republic) • Family was full of “complexity and confusion” which gave him significant material for his psychological theories • Family settled in Vienna 1860 • Encouraged to think grandly, earned top rank in class year after year

  4. Professional Life • Entered University of Vienna to study medicine at 17 years old • Publication of The Interpretation of Dreams and Psychopathology of Everyday Life inspired in part by the death of his father • Beyond the Pleasure Principle and The Ego and the Id, inspired by death of his daughter Sophie

  5. Became a household name • Underwent painful surgery for cancer in 1923 • Rest of his life was marked by pain and discomfort

  6. Freud’s Final Years • Remained in Vienna as Hitler rose to power and Anti-Semitism swept Europe • After 1938 invasion of Vienna, with numerous international interventions, Freud emigrated with wife and youngest daughter to Paris, then London • Continued to write, until on September 23, 1939, he demanded a lethal dose of morphine from his physician

  7. Freud’s Division of the Mind • Freud understood the mind as constantly in conflict with itself • Primary cause of this conflict is human anxiety and unhappiness • Classic example: patient Anna O

  8. Patient Anna O. • Displayed rash of psychological and physiological symptoms: assorted paralyses, coughing, speech disorders, etc. • Under hypnosis, Freud traced many of these symptoms to memories when she was nursing her dying father • Ex: nervous dry cough--upon hearing dance music from neighbor’s house, she felt an urge to be there instead of by her father’s bedside. Immediately, she felt guilty and felt self-reproach. She covered internal conflict with a nervous cough and reflexively coughed at the sound of rhythmic music.

  9. Notes on conscious, preconscious, unconscious • Conscious: what you are aware of at any particular moment: your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, feelings • Preconscious: works closely with conscious, “available memory,” anything that can easily be made conscious • Unconscious: all things that are not easily available to awareness--instincts, drives, traumas. Source of our motivations; often driven to deny or resist becoming conscious of these motives; made available in disguised form

  10. Division of the mind • Freud’s investigations into internal conflict such as this led him to eventual division of the mind into three parts, three conflicting internal tendencies: • Id • Ego • Superego

  11. Divisions are not physical • Not a separation of the mind into physical partitions into the brain • Not even truly structures • Are separate aspects and elements of single structure of mind • Function in different levels of consciousness • Theory hinges upon ability of impulses or memories to “float” from one level to another • Interaction between three functions represents a constant movement of items from one level to another

  12. Id • Fully unconscious, full of wishes/instincts, motivational forces • As baby emerges from womb into realities of life, only wants to eat, drink, be warm, and has bathroom functions • Id demands immediate gratification • Ruled by the pleasure principle: demands satisfaction NOW--regardless of circumstances or possible undesirable effects • Will not stand for delay of gratification

  13. Ego • Mostly conscious • Problem solving id’s desire = secondary process, reason • Eventual understanding that immediate gratification is usually impossible, and often unwise, comes the formation of the ego • Ruled by reality principle: take care of what I need when it is appropriate • Acts as go-between suppressing id’s urges until appropriate situation arises with superego

  14. More on the Ego • Repression of inappropriate desires and urges represents the greatest strain on, and most important function of, the mind • Ego often utilizes defense mechanisms to achieve and aid in repression • Ego engages in strategies to fulfill urge appropriately • Pragmatic satisfaction of urges eventually builds great number of skills and memories • Becomes aware of itself as an entity • With formation of ego, individual becomes a self, instead of an amalgamation of urges and needs

  15. Superego • Partly conscious • Record obstacles and aides in world, rewards and punishments, parent and society’s norms and rules, internal moral judge • Ego temporarily represses certain urges of id in fear of punishment, eventually these external sources of punishment are internalized because s/he has taken punishment, right and wrong, into self

  16. More on Superego • Superego uses guilt and self-reproach as primary means of enforcement for rules • 7 years old (generally) when this is developed • Some people never develop superego completely

  17. Recorded in two parts • 1) Conscience: internalization of punishment and warnings • 2) Ego ideal: rewards and positive models • Communication to ego: feelings like pride, shame, guilt, etc. • Person does something acceptable, feels pride and self-satisfaction

  18. Connection to Lord of the Flies • Find evidence from the book of how Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent the ego, superego, and id, respectively

  19. One last cartoon • <http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/jdo0839l.jpg>

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