Employee Motivation & Safety

Chapter 14 Employee Motivation & Safety

Part I • Employee Motivation Chapter 14

Motivation • A willingness to exert effort toward achieving a goal • Stimulated by the effort’s ability to fulfill an individual need • Employee motivation is crucial to organizational success Chapter 14

The Three Levels of Motivation • Direction of Behavior • what the employee chooses to do • Level of Effort • how much energy employee puts into it • Level of Persistence • how hard will employee try to overcome obstacles Chapter 14

Intrinsic Motivation • Behavior that an individual produces because of the pleasant experiences associated with the behavior itself. • feeling of accomplishment • meeting challenges • You like the work Chapter 14

Extrinsic Motivation • Behavior performed not for its own sake, but for the consequences associated with it. • Pay • Benefits • job security • working conditions Chapter 14

Factors Affecting an Individual’s Job Performance • Motivation • Abilities & skills • Organizational support Chapter 14

Needs • Primary needs • Hunger • Thirst • Shelter • Secondary Needs • Affiliation • Power • Achievement • Confidence Chapter 14

Secondary Needs • Secondary needs often move from unconscious to the conscious. • In some situations, secondary needs may dominate Chapter 14

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Needs are in a hierarchy of importance • You can’t have secondary needs until primary needs are met Chapter 14

Maslow Affiliation Self Actualization Survival Power Safety/Security rvival Chapter 14

Herzberg • Divided needs into 2 groups: • Motivation factors • Maintenance factors. Chapter 14

Herzberg • Maintenance – primary needs • Job security • Work conditions • Salary • Motivation – secondary, upper-level needs • Quality of interpersonal relations • Recognition & achievement • Responsibility, advancement, & growth Chapter 14

Herzberg also said: • Satisfaction & dissatisfaction are 2 different values, not opposite ends of the same spectrum. • You can be satisfied & dissatisfied with something at the same time. • You like your job, dissatisfied with pay Chapter 14

Satisfaction • is based on motivation factors • Recognition • Advancement • Challenging work • Being one’s own boss • The work itself Chapter 14

Dissatisfaction • is based on maintenance factors • Pay • Benefits • Working conditions • Job security • Company policies Chapter 14

Satisfaction • A good job fills maintenance needs • reduce dissatisfaction • A good manager can help fulfill motivation needs • increase satisfaction Chapter 14

McLelland • described the motivation factors as 3 distinct “needs” • Need for Affiliation • Need for Power • Need for Achievement Chapter 14

Need for Affiliation • Leads to diplomatic behaviors • Close personal contact • People oriented • Appeal for cooperation • Most successful managers score low because they must make tough decisions Chapter 14

Need for Power • leads to organizational success (good supervisor & middle management) • Love to influence others • Like to change situations • Willing to assert themselves Chapter 14

Need for Achievement • leads to entrepreneurial behavior • Able to take control • Take moderate risks • Task oriented Chapter 14

Expectancy Theory • Motivation comes from 3 things: • Expectation that increased effort will lead to a given performance level • Effort Performance • Probability that a performance level will lead to a given reward • Performance  Reward • Value attached to reward Chapter 14

The Supervisor and Goal-Setting • Setting specific goals. • Setting challenging but reasonably difficult goals. • Ensuring timely feedback to employees about goal achievement. • Allowing employees to participate in goal setting. • Making sure employees understand goal priorities. • Reinforcing goal accomplishments. Chapter 14

Equity Theory • Two factors determine whether one is in an equitable situation: • The INPUTSthat an employee brings to the job situation. • skill, education, experience, and motivation • The REWARDS that a person receives for performance. • pay, advancement, recognition, or desirable job assignments. Chapter 14

Equity Theory • Employees are very concerned about equity • They will compare their effort/reward ratio with others: • try to increase reward level • or decrease input level • or can leave the situation Chapter 14

Equity Theory • If workers perceive an inequity, real or not, job satisfaction & productivity is reduced. Chapter 14

Job Design & Motivation • Job design & employee involvement can add to motivation • Consider job redesigning: • Job enlargement • extends the job  more of the same type of work • Job enrichment • additional skills & responsibilities  different kinds of work Chapter 14

Job Satisfaction • Is not well correlated with productivity • Is correlated with: • Absenteeism • Turnover • Tardiness • Complaints • Accidents Chapter 14

Part 2 • Employee Health and Safety Chapter 14

Accidents • 91% of accidents are from unsafe actions • Only 9% from unsafe equipment & environment Chapter 14

Common causes of accidents • Manager’s & Supervisor’s responsibility • Absence of protective equipment • i.e. blade guards, hard hats • Ineffective specifications for safety clothing • Presence of hazardous or unauthorized materials • Wrong tools, materials, or supplies • Absence of safety standard • Lack of safety training Chapter 14

Common causes of accidents • Manager’s & Supervisor’s responsibility • Inadequate or incorrect instructions • No enforcement of safety rules – includes stopping horseplay • Person assigned a task they are unsuited for • Poor housekeeping • Disregard of safety for speed Chapter 14

Common causes of accidents • Employee’s responsibility • Not paying attention Chapter 14

OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration • Establishes mandatory safety & health standards • Performs safety inspections • Non-compliance brings citations & fines • Made ongoing safety training mandatory • Employees are required to comply with standards & rules Chapter 14

OSHA gives Employees the right to: • Request inspection by OSHA • Have employee representative accompany OSHA inspector • Question & be questioned by inspector in private concerning possible violations • Have regulations posted Chapter 14

OSHA gives Employees the right to: • Have locations monitored for toxic & radioactive materials • Have medical tests to check impact of exposure • Have any employer citations posted on the premises Chapter 14

Most Industrial Accidents Occur: • Near hand trucks, forklifts, wheel barrows, & cranes in warehouses • Near heavy machinery • Climbing: stairs, ladders, & walkways • With Hand tools • With Electricity Chapter 14

Most Office Accidents Occur: • In normal work areas & stockrooms • Because equipment is out of place • Are repetitive strain injuries, or lifting • Also: tipping chairs, & paper cuts Chapter 14

To prevent heavy-lifting accidents • Lift with legs, not back • Keep loads light, or get help • Keep area clear • Don’t overload lifting equipment • Training Chapter 14

Machine accident prevention • Check machine first before using • Closely inspect new equipment • Don’t wear loose clothing • Observe new users • Make sure employees know how to shut down equipment quickly Chapter 14

To prevent falls • Keep floors & workplaces clean & clear • Have safe ladders, stairs, & scaffolds • Ensure proper footwear is used • Have adequate lighting Chapter 14

Hand tool accident prevention • Repair or discard damaged tools • Always have the right tool available • Training Chapter 14

To prevent electrical shocks • Inspect & repair wiring early & often • Ground hand tools • Don’t modify switches, etc. Chapter 14

To prevent fires • Keep areas clean • Keep sprinklers & extinguishers clear • Don’t use fire-fighting equipment for anything else • Enforce smoking rules & safety rules Chapter 14

Other OSHA requirements • OSHA requires companies to keep a log of illnesses & accidents as they occur • Equipment inspection records must also be kept • elevators, equipment • Safety equipment must also be inspected & records kept • extinguishers, etc. Chapter 14

Accident investigations should cover: • What happened? • Why did it happen? • How can this be prevented? • What prevention steps have been taken? • What else needs to be done? Chapter 14

Employee Motivation & Safety