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What is the main function of the endo crine system ?

BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II. What is the main function of the endo crine system ?. _______________________ ___________ _________________ ____________________ _____________ _____________.

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What is the main function of the endo crine system ?

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  1. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II What is the main function of the endocrine system? • _______________________ • ___________ • _________________ • ____________________ • _____________ • _____________

  2. Intercellular communication via the Nervous system can be likened to using the ______________________… The message goes from point of origin ____________ __________ to target tissue. Pulses (__________) regulate response. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Any other system(s) that regulate other tissues? Nervous System How did the nervous system regulate other tissues? What was the medium for transmitting the control signal?

  3. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II The Endocrine system on the other hand is more like a ______ _______________… The message is sent everywhere and anybody (tissue) with a _________ can get the message. Concentration (___________) regulates response. Historically these two systems thought to be very independent. Now their interdependence is recognized

  4. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II One aspect shared between 2 systems is use of intercellular chemical signals Type Function Example _______ _______________ Prostaglandins _______ _______________ histamine _______ _______________ Thyroxine _______ _______________ Oxytocin _______ _______________ Acetylcholine _______ _______________ sex pheromone

  5. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Where do hormones come from? ______________ The Endocrine system is comprised of what organs (glands)? Actually other organs are also capable of secreting hormones… Example the heart and the placenta

  6. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How is hormone secretion controlled? The activity of endocrine glands depends on Feedback mechanisms (see pg. 10-13). These ________ one or more ___________ and often consist of 3 components: 1) ___________What are their function? 2) ___________________What function? 3) __________How about their function?

  7. Set point thresholds Normal range BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II 2 main situations… 1) Variable is maintained within “+” & “-” limits • Where are the receptors working? • Where does the receiver respond? • Where is the effector(s) active?

  8. Set point thresholds Normal range BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II 2 main situations… 2) The variable moves away from a “normal” value • Where are the receptors working? • Where does the receiver respond? • Where is the effector(s) active?

  9. Set point Set point BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Comparing the status of the variable prior to and after the response... which one would you classify as positive feedback and which one is negative feedback???

  10. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II An example from your body…

  11. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How is hormone secretion controlled? 3 patterns of regulation… 1) _____________ _____________Substance (value of the monitored substance) initiates response and secretion of hormones. Ex. elevated ___________ results in increased ______ levels, which in turn reduce blood glucose levels.

  12. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How is hormone secretion controlled? 3 patterns of regulation… 1) Other substance acting on gland 2) __________________Nervous stimulation results in the release or inhibition of hormones. Ex. ___________ released as a result of ___________ stimulation.

  13. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How is hormone secretion controlled? 3 patterns of regulation… 1) Other substance acting on gland 2) Neural control glands 3) ________________ ________________The secretion of one hormone influences the secretion (+ or -) of another hormone. Ex. ______ causes release of ______

  14. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How are hormones distributed? All hormones by definition travel via ________! They can travel either: 1) ________, in an unbound state 2) ________ with plasma proteins When hormones are bound to their protein (usually specific protein for each hormone) they exist in an _____________ of bound and free hormones. Response?

  15. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Do hormones persist once formed? ____! They are “______________” at various rates depending on the nature of the hormone (some hormones are removed from circulation within 2 min. of secretion). Hormones are only active if _______ and are usually only acted upon if ______ Amount of time to remove 1/2 the initial dose is the ________. ________ based hormones have short 1/2 lives ________ (steroids) have long 1/2 lives

  16. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Take 5!!! How is the half-life of a hormone affected by a decrease in the concentration of the specific plasma protein to which that hormone binds? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer

  17. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How are hormones removed from circulation? 4 mechanisms used: 1) _____________ -- enzymatically broken down by liver, kidneys, lungs etc. 2) _____________-- hormones that can’t be broken by themselves are combined with another compound and then they can be excreted. 3) _____________ -- some hormones can be excreted by the kidneys in urine and by the liver in bile. 4) _____________ -- some hormones are pumped back into cells that can re-use them later.

  18. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones work? Hormones bind to _______ __________ on target tissues. This binding results in ____ _________ of cell activities. Response can be _______ or _________… For example tissue fatigue or down-regulation

  19. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Why do tissue responses vary over time? Target tissues can modify their response to a hormone by _______ and ______ regulation. ______________ is the decrease in the number of hormone receptors. Caused by:1) Decrease in ________ __________2) Hormone/receptor binding can lead to ___________ and ____________ Is this pattern effective for Long-term constant levels or short-term changing concentrations?

  20. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Why do tissue responses vary over time? ________ is an increase in hormone receptors For example, _________________________ (FSH) causes and increase in the number of ___________________ (LH) receptors Is this pattern effective for Long-term constant levels or short-term changing concentrations?

  21. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Take 5!!! Estrogen is a hormone secreted by the ovary. It is secreted in > amounts after menstruation and a few days before ovulation. Among its many effects is causing up-regulation of receptors for another hormone secreted by the ovaries, progesterone. Progesterone is secreted after ovulation and a major effect is to cause the uterus to become ready for the embryo to attach. Predict the result if the ovary secretes too little estrogen? Discuss with your neighbor and predict an answer (see Predict #3, pg. 537)

  22. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones and their receptors vary? Hormones fall into 2 basic categories: 1) ______________________________ (amino acid derivatives) ~ T4________________ ~ TRH________________ ~ TSH________________ ~ GH Would you expect these to be hydrophylic or hydrophobic? 2) _______________________ (made of cholesterol) ~ Testosterone

  23. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones and their receptors vary? __________ also fall into 2 major categories: 1) ________________Receptors embedded in the _____________ with a receptor site on the outside and an “effector” component inside. 2) ________________Receptors are in the ________ or in the nucleus of the cell. Based on solubility properties which type of hormone is most likely paired with which type of receptor?

  24. Less common with hormones, other chemical signals operate this way... BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones and their receptors vary? _______________ _____________ regulate/influence cells via 3 basic mechanisms: 1) 2) 3)

  25. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones and their receptors vary? 2) When hormone binds with receptor protein, then internal G protein (w/ subunits gamma, beta and alpha) _____________. ά _________ from others GTP replaces GDP (active state) then eventually the GTP is changed back to GDP and all reconnect.

  26. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones and their receptors vary? 3) Some receptors have internal portions that function as _______, or they are closely associated with __________. Ex. ________ ________ hormone and receptor cause enzyme portion (GCase) to make cyclic GMP

  27. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones and their receptors vary? The other major class of hormone receptors is ________________________ These receptors are in the __________ or _________ of the host/target cell. Hormones that bind to these receptors must be able to pass through the ______________ (ex. Lipid based steroids). These hormones influence the ________ ____ of cellular products or _________ _________

  28. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How do hormones and their receptors vary? Ex. ____________ 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

  29. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II How can < conc. of hormone result in > effects? A small number of _________ bind with __________ activating several existing components, all of which activate more components individually, causing a large number of final product. This is the ________________. Is this more likely with proteinaceous or lipid-based hormones?

  30. BI 203 Human Anatomy & Physiology II Hormone Receptor/ion channels Receptor/G proteins Receptor/intracellular enzymes Activates genes Cell Response

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