RISE OF THE TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPS

1. RISE OF THE TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIPS

2. Essential Questions: • What does totalitarian mean? • What were the basic ideologies of Fascists, Nazis, and Communists?

3. After WWI, many nations were struggling to rebuild A global depression in the 1930s led to high unemployment and a sense of desperation in Europe The Treaty of Versailles created bitterness among many nations

4. In this climate of post-war uncertainty, nationalism increased; more and more, citizens turned to strong totalitarian dictators to rule their nations

5. Totalitarian leaders are dictators who control all aspects of government and the lives of the citizens • Totalitarian leaders gained support by promising jobs, promoting nationalism, and using propaganda • Dictators held on to their power by using censorship, secret police, denying liberties, and eliminating opposing rivals or political parties

6. Among the first totalitarian dictators was Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union

7. Stalin was Communist andseized all property, farms, and factories in order to control the economy and create equality He used a secret police and the Great Purgeto eliminate rivals

8. Stalin’s Five Year Plans and collective farms improved the Soviet Union’s industrial and agricultural output, but at great cost in Russian lives

9. Not all totalitarian dictators were Communists In Italy, Germany, and Spain, people turned to an extremely nationalist type of government called fascism

10. Fascist governments were controlled by dictators who demanded loyalty from citizens Fascists did not offer democracy and used one political party to rule the nation But unlike Communists, fascists believed people could keep their property

11. Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler believed in fascism: the idea that nations need strong dictators, total authority by one party, but that people can keep private property (as long as they remain loyal) Joseph Stalin was a Communist who believed that the government should control all property and business

12. In Italy, Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party

13. Mussolini gained popularity by promising to revive the economy, rebuild the military, and expand Italy to create a new Roman Empire

14. Mussolini named his Fascist Party after the fasces, a Roman symbol of authority and power

15. Mussolini created the Blackshirts (his own private army) to enforce the goals of his Fascist Party

16. By 1922, Mussolini was popular and powerful enough to lead a “March on Rome”, forcing the Italian king to name him prime minister of Italy

17. As prime minister, Benito Mussolini was known as “IL DUCE” (the chief) Mussolini ended democracy and all opposition parties Mussolini built up the military to create new jobs He planned to conquer new territories in North Africa for Italy, creating a new Roman Empire

18. The Nazis were a fascist group in Germany that wanted to overthrow the weak Weimar Republic

19. Adolf Hitler was an early Nazi recruit and quickly rose to power in the party Hitler was impressed by Mussolini and used many of his ideas to make the Nazi Party strong in Germany

20. For example, the Nazis created their own militia called the Brownshirts

21. The Nazis attempted a violent takeover of the local government in Munich, but Hitler was arrested and jailed for 9 months

22. While in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) which outlined his plans for Germany Hitler wrote that Germans were members of a master race called Aryans and all non-Aryans were inferior subhumans

23. Hitler also declared that Germans needed lebensraum (living space) and should get it by conquering Eastern Europe and Russia He called the Versailles Treaty an outrage and vowed to regain land taken from Germany after World War I

24. When Hitler was released from jail in 1924, he spent years organizing the Nazis into Germany’s most powerful political party

25. In 1933, Hitler was named chancellor (prime minister) of Germany As chancellor, Hitler used his power to name himself dictator

26. He called his government the Third Reich (3rd German empire) to promote pride and nationalism

27. Hitler put Germans to work by building factories, highways, weapons, and increasing the military

28. He created a new private army called the SS (Schutzstaffel, or “protective squad”) and a secret police called the Gestapo to eliminate rivals and control all aspects of Germany

29. In 1935, Hitler began a series of anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish) laws called the Nuremburg Laws that deprived Jews in Germany of the rights of citizens, forbade mixed German-Jewish marriages, and required Jews to always wear a yellow star

30. In 1938, Hitler ordered Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”), an organized series of attacks on Jewish people, their synagogues, and their businesses

31. After WWI, Japan was the strongest nation in Asia and was ready to conquer new lands in Asia and the Pacific to provide resources for Japanese industry Emperor Hirohito gave full control of the Japanese military to Hideki Tojo, who served as a military dictator

32. In the 1930s, Japan, Italy, and Germany began aggressively expanding into new territories; these actions led to World War II in 1939 Japan invaded Manchuria and northern China, then invaded Indochina and the East Indies Italy invaded Ethiopia and Albania

33. In the 1930s, Japan, Italy, and Germany began aggressively expanding into new territories; these actions led to World War II in 1939 Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia

34.  Revamped and redone by Christopher Jaskowiak Originally created by Brooks Baggett