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The Rise of Western Dictatorships Totalitarianism

Explore the emergence of totalitarianism & authoritarianism in Russia, Italy, Japan & Germany during the interwar period. Delve into Lenin's revolution, Stalin's brutal reign, Fascist Italy's rise under Mussolini, and Nazi Germany's ideology.

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The Rise of Western Dictatorships Totalitarianism

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  1. The Rise of Western DictatorshipsTotalitarianism

  2. C.A.- traditional form of antidemocratic gov. Prevented change Participation in Gov. limited Status Quo Lacked modern communication Limited demands Revived after WWI Totalitarianism Dictatorship tried to control every aspect New Technology Tools Russia, Italy, Japan, Germany- Sought expansion except Russia Conservative Authoritarianismand Totalitarianism

  3. Russia under Lenin • Philosophy • Comintern * cheka • War Communism • Kronstadt Rebellion

  4. NEP-New Economic Policy(1921-1928) • War communism • “necessary step backwards” - surplus grain - small manufacturers - Government control • Results • 1923- Soviet Union( Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

  5. Lenin’s Death in 1924 • Power Struggle • Stalin - “socialism in one country” Trotsky - “permanent revolution Stalin gains control- Trotsky exiled

  6. Trotsky’s Assassination • Ramón Mercader • Stalinist agent, who drove the pick of an ice axe into Trotsky's skull. • I laid my raincoat on the table in such a way as to be able to remove the ice axe which was in the pocket. I decided not to miss the wonderful opportunity that presented itself. The moment Trotsky began reading the article, he gave me my chance; I took out the ice axe from the raincoat, gripped it in my hand and, with my eyes closed, dealt him a terrible blow on the head.

  7. Russia under Stalin • Purging of the Politburo • The 5 year Plans - Resolutions from above • Objectives - industrial output - Collectivization

  8. 5 year Plan con’t • “We are 50 or 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in 10 years. Either we do it or we shall go under.” • Results - industrial output - urbanization • Costs

  9. Collectivization • Purpose - peasant control - consolidation - farmers paid • Goals - machines - Gov’t Control - Socialism

  10. Collectivism Con’t • Results - opposed - Kulaks “Liquidate” - 10 million dead - Ag output -1933 60%, 1938 93% - grain quotas

  11. Government Structure • Central Committee • Politburo • General Secretary

  12. Propaganda • Purpose- • Use of Technologies - newspapers-Pravda - films - radio - writers - artists - churches

  13. Propaganda • Sergei Eisenstein- Patriotic Russian Filmmaker

  14. Propaganda

  15. Benefits for workers • Old age pensions • Medical services • Free education • Day care centers • Building a society while the capitalism crumbled (Great Depression)

  16. Women • Proclaimed complete equality for women • 1920’s divorce and abortion • Work outside the home • Professionals and Universities • Home and children women’s responsibilities • Men= best jobs • Broken families

  17. Great Terror (1934-1938) • Used first against the peasants • Resulted in 8 million Arrests • Show Trials “enemies of the people” • Purges – 40,000 army officers expelled or liquidated( trouble with WWII on Horizon) • Millions of citizens killed, labor camps or disappeared.

  18. Fascist Italy

  19. Italian Fascism • Unlike communism- - existing structure (bureaucracy, businesses and army) - came to power legally Causes for the rise of Fascism - Versailles Treaty - Depression 1919 - strikes - class tensions - Lira 1/3 of pre WWI value

  20. Causes of Fascism Con’t • Gov could not stop downward spiral. • Violence in civil sector • Socialists in 1919 largest party • Wealthy classes • Combination of authoritarianism and totalitarianism not as severe as Russia or Germany.

  21. Benito Mussolini (Il Duce)Rise to Power • Editor of socialist newspaper • Fascist Party- platform • Fasces- • Initial failure- Why, What changes? • Blackshirts- Paramilitary

  22. Gaining Power • March on Rome- October 1922 • Mussolini invited by Victor Emmanuel III • Mussolini’s demands • Results-

  23. Corporate State • Economic Basis for Italian fascism • “everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” • By 1928- all labor unions= government controlled syndicates • Outlawed strikes and walk outs • Controlled the activities between worker and employer

  24. Corporate State • Authority from the top • Voting rights limited • All candidates selected by Fascist Party • Gov’t ruled by decree • Fascists placed in charge of schools

  25. Benito never becomes all-powerful • Old power structure stays in tact • No purge of the conservative class • Let big business to itself • No land reform • Not a ruthless police state- (1926-1944-23) • Racial laws- 1938- Jewish persecution once Nazi’s have control of Italy

  26. Fascist Accomplishments • Internal Improvements • Justice system • Lateran Pact- 1929- reconciled with the Papacy. Vatican independent state- 92 million for church lands- Pope Pius XII recognizes Italian State

  27. Fascist Failures • Italian Democracy destroyed • Terrorism became state policy • Poor industrialism • Recapture glories of Ancient Rome

  28. Nazi Germany • Roots of Nazism: Extreme nationalism and Racism= Nazism • Adolf Hitler leader of National German Workers Party (Nazi) after WWI (Socialist) • S.A.- Brown Shirts- terrorize political opponents

  29. Hitler • Beer Hall Putsch- 1923- Failed overthrow of Bavarian Government- 1 year jail • Mien Kampf- 1923 blueprint

  30. Hitler • Lebensraum- “living space” East- Jews/Slavs • Anti-Semitism • Fall of the Weimar Republic • Unemployment- 43% by 1932 • The Promises of Hitler • Economic, political, military- Salvation

  31. Hitler • Promise to big business • Leaders of the army- rearm reject the treat of Versailles. • Nazi’s appeal to the youth- 40% of party under 30 in 1931, 67% under 40. • 1930 position of Chancellor permission from President Hindenburg for rule by Decree. Heinrich Brüning

  32. Hitler • The Struggle between the Social Democrats and the Communists will contribute to the break down of Government. • The Nazi Party wins largest % of votes in the Reichstag in the 1933 elections. • Hitler named Chancellor on Jan. 30, 1933

  33. Third Reich(1933-1945) • Hitler consolidates power • Reichstag fire- Feb 1933 during violent election campaign- used as a pretext to crack down on the Communists-Marinus van der Lubbe

  34. Hitler/Power • Enabling Act- March 1933- passed by Reichstag • Hitler given absolute dictatorial power- 4 years • Only Nazi Party legal • Outlawed strikes and rid of independent labor unions • Publishers, universities, and writers • Blacklists of literature • Book Burnings • Modern art prohibited “degenerate art”

  35. Book Burning

  36. Joseph Goebbels • Hitler’s minister of propaganda, glorifies Hitler and the Nazi State

  37. The Eternal Jew- Film Anti- Jewish – Opening

  38. Night of the Long Knives • June of 1934 • The army and big business were suspicious of the S.A. “Brown Shirts” • Hitler’s elite personal body guard S.S. and Gestapo (secret-political police) • Arrested and shot without trial- 1,000 SA leaders and others

  39. The S.S. • Grew dramatically in influence as Hitler’s private army and secret police. • Heinrich Himmler • SS and Gestapo join and expand network

  40. Jewish Persecution • By the end of 1934- most Jewish professionals- lawyers, doctors etc- had lost the right to practice their professions. • Nuremburg laws- 1935- deprived Jews of all rights of Citizenship. (marriage) • By 1938, 25% of German Jews had emigrated

  41. Jewish Persecution • Kristallnacht- “night of the broken glass” • 1938 • Assassination of a German diplomat in Paris (Jewish boy) as a Pretext- Hitler orders an attack on Jewish Communities (pogrom) Herschel Grynszpan • Nov 10, 1938 • 1 night 1,000 Synagogues, 10’s, 30,000 Jewish men arrested • ******* marks the beginning of the Holocaust

  42. Kristallnacht

  43. The Final Solution • 6 million Jews murdered, 2/3’s of the European Jewish community • Approximately another 6 million murdered • Slavs • Gypsies • Jehovah’s Witnesses • Homosexuals • Mentally handicapped

  44. Hitler Youth • Nazi indoctrination of German Youth • Turn in teachers or parents • "Youth serves the Führer. All ten year-olds into the Hitler Youth."

  45. The German Economy • The German economic recovery contributed to Hitler’s popularity • Hitler delivered on his promise “Work and Bread” • Large public works program- get Germany out of depression. • Autobahn, offices, sports stadiums. Public housing

  46. Germany • 1936- Germany begins to rearm- most government focus on military • Results • Unemployment- 1933- 6 million, 1936- 1 million • By 1938 needed more workers turn to women • Standard of living increase moderately • Business profits rose sharply

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