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Ancient Egypt

Explore the rich history of Ancient Egypt, from the unification by Narmer to the rule of pharaohs like Hatshepsut and Tutankhamen. Dive into the Egyptian religion and artistry, showcasing the diverse pantheon of gods and the meticulous artistic techniques. Uncover the secrets of the pyramids and tombs that defined this ancient civilization, from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom.

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Ancient Egypt

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  1. Ancient Egypt

  2. Ancient Egypt • 3100 BCE – Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer (aka Menes)- capital placed at Memphis • 2900 BCE – Hieroglyphics develop (Egyptian writing) • 2700 BCE – 365 solar calendar develops – June 21 is beginning of year - greatest Egyptian scientific achievement • 2686-2613 BCE – Pharaoh Djoser orders first pyramid built by Imhotep (step pyramid) • 2585 – 2470 BCE – Khufu, Khafre (also builds Sphinx) and Menkaure order the 3 pyramids of Giza built.

  3. Ancient Egypt • 2100 BCE – capital is moved to Thebes by the priesthood under Mentuhotep II of the 11th Dynasty • 1674 BCE – Egyptian former capital of Memphis falls to Hyksos; Hyksos conquer Lower Egypt and rule it for the next 100 years • 1567 - 1550 BCE – Ahmose I conquers the Hyksos and reunites Upper and Lower Egypt to begins 18th Dynasty

  4. Ancient Egypt • 1478 – 1458 BCE – Hatshepsut rules as first female pharaoh with her son Thutmoses III • 1479 – 1425 BCE – Thutmoses III builds the largest Egyptian Empire conquering Israel, Mesopotamia and Nubia • 1352 – 1336 BCE – Amenhotep IV changes his name to Akhenaten; changes Egyptian religion to monotheism; moves capital from Thebes to Akhetaton (Amarna) • 1336 – 1327 BCE – Tutankhamen restores capital to Thebes; restores old religion; dies shortly after

  5. Ancient Egypt • 1299 BCE – Rameses II fights Hittites at Battle of Kadesh which ended in the world’s first peace treaty. Rameses II goes on to build many temples, buildings and even cities during his reign. • 1224 – 1165 BCE – Rameses III repulses the invasion of the Indo-European Sea People; he is considered the last of the great Egyptian pharaohs

  6. Ancient Egypt • Egyptian History can be broken down in 3 major periods: • Old Kingdom – 2686 – 2181 BCE - Age of pyramid builders • Middle Kingdom – 2040 – 1700 BCE – rock cut tombs • New Kingdom – 1550 – 1070 BCE - most successful period

  7. Ancient Egypt Egyptian kings were called pharaohs The pharaoh’s assistant was known as a vizier (and was also usually the chief priest) Egyptians develop the dynasty – a series of kings/queens from the same family If a pharaoh was too young to rule a regent took over – temporary ruler until the king was old enough to self-govern

  8. Ancient egypt RELIGION Egyptian religion controlled every aspect of their lives and after-lives Strict rules must always be followed in daily life as well as in depictions of life in art in order to successfully cross over to the after-life The Egyptians believed that the soul lived on forever doing the same things that one did in life Some gods were worshiped all over Egypt and some were only minor local gods

  9. Ancient Egypt • Ancient Egyptians were Polytheistic • Major Egyptian Gods: • Ra (later named Amon-Ra or Amon-Re) – sun god; ruler of the gods • Osiris – god of heaven, resurrection, and plants • Isis – goddess of fertility , wife/sister of Osiris • Amen – god of creation; later combined with Ra to create one leading deity • Anubis – god of the dead • Thoth – god of wisdom, the moon, and writing • Hathor – goddess of love, birth and death • Set(h)- god of chaos • Horus – protector of the pharaoh, a sky god • Bastet – Egyptian cat god, protector of souls • The ka was the Egyptian word for the life force or soul

  10. Ancient Egypt – Art Characteristics • Strong sense of order • All figures must stand on horizontal lines • Egyptian canon of proportionsis clearly defined (all measurements must correspond exactly) • Aim at clarity rather than illusion • Head, hips, legs and feet always in profile • Eyes, shoulders and upper torso seen from front • Hierarchic scale– higher ranking individuals depicted larger than lower ranking ones • Higher ranking officials were depicted within the rules more strictly seeming almost rigid • Frozen, timeless quality to Egyptian Art

  11. Ancient Egypt • Canon of Proportions – a set of rules governing the proportions of the human body as they must be rendered by the artist • Hierarchic Scale – use of relative size to indicate the comparative importance of depicted objects or people

  12. Pre-Dynastic Egypt

  13. Ancient Egypt - Art • Palette of King Narmer • 3100 BCE • Memphis, Egypt • This work shows Pharaoh Narmer (Menes) conquering lower Egypt and uniting it with Upper Egypt • Relief sculpture

  14. Ancient Egypt – Art

  15. Tomb of Perneb (mastaba) from Saqqara, Egypt ca. 2,350-2,323 B.C.E. limestone approximately 16 ft. high

  16. Ancient Egypt - Art • Step Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser • 2681-2662 BCE • Saqqara, Egypt • Artist: Imhotep • First pyramid structure built • First known artist –Imhotep as architect • Djoser is also called Zoser • Oldest stone structure ever built

  17. Old Kingdom Art

  18. Red Pyramid of Sneferu

  19. Sneferu’s Bent and Collapsed Pyramids

  20. Ancient Egypt - Art • Pyramids of Giza • 2530 – 2470 BCE • Giza, Egypt • Pyramid of Khufu on right; Pyramid of Khafre in center; Pyramid of Menkaure on left in front • Served as tombs like all pyramids • Face exactly north, south, east and west and are aligned to the stars in Orion’s belt

  21. Ancient Egypt - Art

  22. Ancient Egypt - Art • Great Pyramid of Giza • 2530 BCE • Giza, Egypt • The only surviving member of the Seven Wonders of the World • The largest stone structure ever built • 480 ft tall – 100,000 workers – 23 years to build

  23. Ancient Egypt - Art • The Great Sphinx • 2570 – 2544 BCE • Giza, Egypt • World’s largest sculpture • In the image of Khafre • Size was meant to impress visitors and show pharaoh’s power

  24. Khafre from Gizeh, Egypt ca. 2,520-2,494 B.C.E. diorite approximately 66 in. high Seated pharaoh – one of 3 accepted poses

  25. Ancient Egypt - Art • Menkaure (Mycerinus) and Queen Khamerernebty • 2470 BCE • Giza, Egypt • King slightly taller and much more rigid than wife • Canon of proportions followed • Queen is allowed to be less rigid – can even place her hand around his waist • Weight equally distributed on both feet

  26. Old Kingdom Art • Rahotep and Princess Nofret • C. 2620 BCE • Meidum, Egypt • Possibly Sneferu’s daughter • In Egyptian canon of colors, size, pose

  27. Seated Scribe from Saqqara, Egypt ca. 2,450-2,350 B.C.E. painted limestone approximately 21 in. high Note that he is not perfect and is in fact a bit flabby

  28. Ancient Egypt - Art • Ka-Aper • 2500 BCE • Saqqara, Egypt • Proves Egyptians could create realistic portrayals of people when not of the nobility or royalty • Heavy set, older

  29. Ancient Egypt - Art • Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt • 2500 – 2400 BCE • Saqqara, Egypt • Typical Egyptian pose • Ti is larger than servants – watching and not participating in the hunt • Hippos were symbols of the god of chaos - Set in Egypt and looked upon unfavorably

  30. Middle Kingdom

  31. Rock cut Tombs BH 3-5 Beni Hasan, Egypt, Dynasty XII ca. 1950-1900 B.C.E. These tombs are cut directly into the cliff

  32. Tomb of Meketre, Thebes, Egypt ca. 1,985 B.C.E. Many non-royal tombs have been discovered with artifacts

  33. Riverboat from tomb of Meketre, Thebes, Egypt ca. 1,985 B.C.E.gessoed and painted wood50 3/8 in. long

  34. Granary from tomb of Meketre, Thebes, Egypt ca. 1,985 B.C.E.gessoed and painted wood29 1/8 in. long

  35. Statuette of an offering bearer from tomb of Meketre, Thebes, Egypt ca. 1,985 B.C.E.gessoed and painted wood44 1/8 in. high

  36. Hippopotamus from Thebes, Egypt 1991-1783 B.C.E. faience and ceramic 7 7/8 in. long Egyptians loved to use faience

  37. New Kingdom

  38. Ancient Egypt - Art • Mausoleum of Queen Hatshepsut • 1478 - 1458 BCE • Thebes, Egypt • Hatshepsut became the first female pharaoh • First important historical female • Tomb built on terraces – this was a temple – the body not placed here

  39. Hatshepsutwith offering jars Deir el-Bahri, Egypt ca. 1,473-1,458 B.C.E. red granite 8 ft. 6 in. high Although female, she appears male in all public functions and in monuments and sculpture

  40. Ancient Egypt - Art • The Weighing of the Heart and The Judgement of Osiris • 1285 BCE • Thebes, Egypt • Part of the Book of the Dead – Ancient Egypt’s Holy Book

  41. Ancient Egypt - Art • Temple of Rameses II • 1260 BCE • Abu Simbel (Answan), Egypt • Greatest example of all temples Rameses II built • Placed his name on over 50% of all New Kingdom monuments • Egyptian standards unchanged despite passage of centuries

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