Chapter 14 Physical Growth and Development from 4-6

1. Chapter 14Physical Growth and Development from 4-6 14.1 Physical Growth and Development from 4-6 14.2 Providing Care for Children from 4-6

2. Height and Weight • Slightly slower compared to ages 1-3 • Average yearly increase in height is 2 ½ to 3 inches • Gain about 4-5 pounds • Smaller or larger gains are common • Boys tend to be slightly taller and heavier than girls

3. Average heights and weights

4. Teamwork Activity • Divide into 4 groups • Measure the height of each person and calculate the group’s average height and range • How do the averages and ranges compare?

5. Proportion and Posture • Body becomes straighter and slimmer between 4th and 7th birthday • Abdomen flattens • Shoulders widen • Chest broadens and flattens • Neck becomes longer • Legs lengthen rapidly, grow straighter and firmer • Balance and coordination improve

6. Think about it • How might caregivers treat a child who is much taller or shorter than average? • How could this affect the child? • What can caregivers do to prevent this problem?

7. Teeth • Begin to lose primary teeth around age 6 • 32 permanent teeth replace primary teeth • First permanent teeth to arrive are “6 year old molars” or “first molars” • 2 upper, 2 lower, back of the 20 primary teeth • Act as a lock to keep other teeth in place • Primary teeth are lost in the order they came in

8. Teeth • http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/teeth_noSW.html

9. Thumb Sucking • 4-6 will continue to suck their thumb • Way to handle tension or comfort themselves • Forcing a child to quit can cause more problems than the habit itself • Usually stop on their own

10. Motor Skills • Large and small improve significantly • Love physical activity, very energetic • Learn to throw and catch large and small balls at age 4 • Improved speed and coordination by age 5 • Movements are smoothly coordinated by age 6

11. Continued • 4 and 5 year olds show improved dexterity, improved hand-eye coordination • Children need plenty of opportunities for skill development • Time and space to run, jump, climb for large motor skills • Color, paint, cutting, and writing for small motor skills • Children with well developed small motor skills find learning to read to and write easier

12. How Motor Skills Develop

13. Tie It Up • How would you teach a 5 year old to tie shoelaces? • Make a simple chart and give a visual demonstration of the steps you would use. Make sure your verbal explanation can be understood by a child during the demonstration. Write your verbal explanation with your chart and turn in. You may work with one partner.

14. Hand Preference • What inconveniences might a left-handed person face in a right-handed world?

15. Hand Preference • Consistently use the same hand by age 5 • Becomes the most skillful • Ambidextrous- use both hands with equal skill • Research still unclear on how hand preference develops • What do you think?

16. Hand Preference • Write the following sentence on a sheet of paper: Mrs. Yarbrough is the best teacher I have ever had. • Now write the same sentence with the opposite hand! • What was the experience like? How did it make you feel? What correlations can you make between writing with your opposite hand and a child learning to write?

17. 14.2 Providing Care for Children from 4-6

18. Feeding • Nutritious foods supply energy needed for growth, learning, and activity • The amount of food needed depends on height, weight, and physical activity • Eating 5-6 small meals and snacks a day rather than 3 can do better for children because they provide a constant level of energy and their stomachs are small

19. Poor Nutrition • Poor nutrition- not getting the key nutrients needed through food • Causes of poor nutrition • Lack of money • Caregiver do not understand the need for good nutrition • Setting an example with poor eating habits • Allowed to choose their own food

20. What are some places that sell prepared food that children can eat? • What makes them popular? • What types of food are available? • Do they provide good nutrition, how can it be improved?

21. Negative Effects of Poor Nutrition • Less resistance to colds and illness • Growth can be limited • Learning can be difficult because they are tired and easily distracted

22. Weight Problems • Can look chunky or slim and still be healthy • Doctor or dietitian can determine if there is a weight problem • Can decide what eating and activity changes need to be made • What works for adults may not be appropriate for children

23. Continued • When a child consistently consumes more calories than the body uses, the extra calories are stored as fat • A child who is underweight is not eating enough food to supply energy needs • Overweight and underweight result from long term eating habits • Depends not only on quantity, but quality as well • Eating healthy and physical activity go together

24. Promoting Health • Create a poster that promotes and shows some type of physical activity that children ages 4-6 would participate in. • Imagine that the poster will hang up inside a gym, PE classroom, childcare center, or after school program. • The design should be eye catching, colorful, and appeal to ages 4-6.

25. Teaching Children About Nutrition • Nutrition lessons learned between 4-6 will stay with children through life • Children make nutrition decisions on their own when they attend school

26. Nutrition at Home • Help grocery shop and put away groceries • Help care for a garden • Wash fruits and vegetables • Help with simple cooking tasks • Makes them feel proud of their contributions • Positive time working with caregiver • Improve small motor skills

27. Nutrition at School • Eat lunch from home or one from school • What they are given to eat and what they actually eat can be different • Traded or thrown away

28. How to Help Pack a Lunch • Let them choose their own lunch box • Send different foods each day • Make foods easy to eat • Finger foods are convenient • Sandwiches can get boring • Sweets don’t have to be “sugary” foods • Surprise such as a note or special treat

29. Design a Healthy Lunch • Create a lunch that you would pack for your 5-6 year old child. • The lunch should demonstrate balanced nutrition, be colorful, have a variety of shapes and textures, and be easy to eat. • Decorate your lunch bag to make it appealing to the child. What else can you add to make it special?

30. Teaching Self-Care Skills • Keeping clean, dressing themselves, and caring for clothes increasingly improves

31. Washing and Bathing • Bathing has lost its “fun” by this age • Set up and maintain a hygiene routine • Behavior will become more accepted • Need praise to continue with tasks • Find ways to make it fun

32. Brushing Teeth • Should develop into a routine • Instruct how to effectively brush and floss teeth • Tooth decay is a concern because permanent teeth are coming in • Dentist might recommend sealants- thin plastic coatings that prevent plaque from developing • Use a toothpaste with fluoride- strengthens the outer coating of the teeth

33. Basic Rules of Cleanliness

34. Dressing and Choosing Clothes • Can easily dress themselves • Have difficulty in matching clothes • Can help select coordinating outfits and store them together • Comfort, durability, and economy are guidelines for choosing clothes

35. Continued • Two other factors in selecting clothes: • Definite likes and dislikes • Can become attached to a favorite garment • Group identification- a feeling of belonging • Desire to wear clothes that are popular with others

36. Caring for Clothes • Once they begin to care about what they wear, they will want to care for their clothes • They can fold and hang up clothes • Put dirty items in a certain place • Make sure storage is within reach to put clothes away • Helps increase independence and responsibility

37. Sleeping • Afternoon naps no longer exist • Generally more cooperative about going to bed • Usually do not use a lot of delaying tactics • Might still want a bedtime story • Helps develop an interest in reading

38. Toileting • Few accidents • If accidents do occur, the child is usually concentrating fully on an activity • Might be in a new place and scared to ask where the bathroom is • Sickness can lead to accidents • Persistent problems should be checked by a doctor

39. Steps to Minimize Accidents • Have the child go to the bathroom before leaving home • Help the child find the bathroom at a new place • Keep an extra outfit available in case an accident does happen

40. Nightly Self-Care Routine • Develop a plan for your child’s nightly routine • It can include self-care skills and some skills that require parental help • Make it attractive so that you would hang it in your child’s room