The Big Ideas 1

1. The Big Ideas • SECTION 1: Converging Cultures • Societies change over time. European settlers established colonies in lands inhabited by Native Americans and developed new forms of government. SECTION 2: Dissent and Independence The quest for equality is eternal.American colonists developed an independent spirit, began to resent Britain’s mercantilist policies and tightening control, and fought a war for independence. The Big Ideas 1

2. The Big Ideas • SECTION 3: The Constitution • A written contract between the people and their government can preserve natural rights and allow for change over time.When the Articles of Confederation proved to be too weak, Americans crafted a new constitution based on compromise and flexibility. The Big Ideas 2

3. In this section, you will discover how societies in North and Middle America changed over time and how European colonies developed. Section 1-GTR 1

4. Native Americans adapted to their environments and developed diverse cultures.(p. 99) • European countries began to explore the world and established colonies in the Americas. (p. 101) • The French and English settled in North America, and English colonists began their own local governments. (p. 102) • As English settlements grew, colonists developed different forms of government to regulate life in their communities. (p. 103) • • The different colonies created new social structures that were more open than those of aristocratic Europe. (p. 107) Section 1-GTR 2

5. civilization, joint-stock company, Pilgrim, subsistence farming, proprietary colony, indentured servant, triangular trade, slave code culture, immigrate, hierarchy Section 1-GTR 3

6. Christopher Columbus, William Penn Jamestown Section 1-GTR 4

7. I. The Earliest Americans (pages 97–100) • A. Scientists are unsure when the first people came to America, but scientific speculation points to between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago. These newcomers to America were probably nomads, people who continually move from place to place. B. When Native Americans learned how to plant and raise crops, permanent villages were established. Eventually, civilizations emerged. A civilizationis a highly organized society marked by advanced knowledge. Section 1 DLN-1

8. I. The Earliest Americans (pages 97–100) • C. Anthropologists believe the Olmec culture was the first civilization in America. The culture began between 1500 and 1200 B.C. in what is today southern Mexico. The Maya and the Aztec later developed civilizations in Central America. Anthropologists believe that the agricultural technology of Mesoamerica spread into the American Southwest and beyond, changing many North American nomads into farmers. Section 1 DLN-2

9. I. The Earliest Americans (pages 97–100) • D. At the same time that the Olmec civilization began, cultures were developing in the eastern woodlands of North America. The Hopewell built huge geometric earthworks. The Mississippians built Cahokia, one of the largest cities ever built by early Americans. E. Native Americans throughout North America developed varied cultures based on their adaptations to their particular environment. Section 1 DLN-3

10. Section 1 DLN-4

11. II. European Explorations (pages 101–102) • A. Europeans emerged from the Middle Ages with an interest in finding a more direct trade route to Asia. In the late 1400s the Portuguese took the lead. B.Christopher Columbus, an Italian, was convinced that he could reach Asia by sailing west. In 1492 Columbus, backed by Spanish monarchs, set sail with three ships and landed on present-day San Salvador Island. Section 1 DLN-6

12. II. European Explorations (pages 101–102) • C. Though the Vikings were the first to reach the Americas, Columbus launched the ongoing exploration and settlement of the continents. D. In 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas, which gave Spain the right to most of the newly discovered lands, opened the door to Spanish explorers. Section 1 DLN-7

13. II. European Explorations (pages 101–102) • E. With superior firepower, the Spanish were able to conquer local peoples and establish settlements across a wide swath of the Americas. Besides farming, ranching, and mining, the Spanish were interested in spreading the Catholic faith to the Native Americans. Spanish armor and helmet Section 1 DLN-8

14. II. European Explorations (pages 101–102) • F. The arrival of Europeans in the Americas had both positive and negative consequences. Benefits of this cultural intermingling between the Americas and Europe include the exchange of new foods, farming methods, inventions, and technology. However, military conquests and exposure to diseases that they had no immunity to devastated the Native American population. Section 1 DLN-9

15. III. Early French and English Settlement (pages 102–103) • A. By the 1600s the French and English had established colonies in the eastern part of North America. B. New France, centered in Quebec, was founded to foster the fur trade. French explorers Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette, and Rene-Robert Cavalier de la Salle claimed the Mississippi River region, named Louisiana, for France. They began importing enslaved Africans to grow sugar, rice, and tobacco. Section 1 DLN-11

16. III. Early French and English Settlement (pages 102–103) • C. A joint-stock company, or group of investors who pool their money to support big projects, funded Jamestown, the first English settlement in the New World. Colonies were considered vital sources of raw materials and markets for English goods. Captain John Smith and a painting of Jamestown. Section 1 DLN-12

17. III. Early French and English Settlement (pages 102–103) • D. By 1619 English colonists in Virginia had formed a self-governing body called the House of Burgesses. E. Some Puritans, called Separatists, were being persecuted by King James. In 1620 one group of Separatists, who became known as Pilgrims, set sail for America on the Mayflower and settled off the coast of Cape Cod. Section 1 DLN-13

18. III. Early French and English Settlement (pages 102–103) • F. The Pilgrims drew up a plan for self-government called the Mayflower Compact. G. More Puritans moved to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and set up a representative government heavily influenced by religion. Signing of the Mayflower Compactby Tompkins Matteson Section 1 DLN-14

19. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • A. The strict, religious-based government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony led to dissenters who started new colonies. After being banished from Massachusetts, Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson each founded settlements that would become Rhode Island and the Plymouth Plantation. B. Total separation of church and state was a key feature of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. Section 1 DLN-16

20. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • C. In New England, Puritans valued religious devotion, hard work, obedience to strict rules, and a form of self-government that arose from town meetings. D. New England farmers, plagued by poor and rocky soil, practicedsubsistence farming, or raising only enough food to feed their families. Fishing, whaling, and the lumber industry—which included shipbuilding—allowed the New England colonies to prosper. Section 1 DLN-17

21. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • E. Although the colonists’ relations with Native Americans were largely peaceful, tensions arising from colonial demands that Native Americans follow English laws and customs led to King Philip’s War. The colonists won the war in 1678. Afterwards, very few Native Americans were left in New England. F. In the Middle Colonies the Dutch established New Netherland. England’s King Charles II seized New Netherland, which was renamed New York. Section 1 DLN-18

22. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • G. New Jersey, once part of New Netherland, offered land grants, religious freedom, and the right to a legislative assembly. H. In Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn, settlers who had been persecuted because of their religion found a safe haven. Section 1 DLN-19

23. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • I. The Middle Colonies contained fertile farmland which produced bumper crops, the most important of which was wheat. In the 1700s a population explosion in Europe led to a doubling of wheat prices, a surge of prosperity, a new wave of immigrants, and investment in new businesses in the Middle Colonies. This picture of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania is typical of many towns in the Middle Colonies. Section 1 DLN-20

24. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • J. A proprietary colony, such as Maryland, was owned by an individual who could govern in any manner he saw fit. Maryland, governed by George Calvert, also known as Lord Baltimore, was founded as a refuge for Catholics. In 1649, Maryland passed the Toleration Act, which granted religious toleration to all Christians. K. In 1663 King Charles II granted his friends and political allies land that would become North Carolina and South Carolina. Easier to reach, South Carolina grew more rapidly. Section 1 DLN-21

25. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • L. Georgia was established as a refuge for debtors, an idea put forth by James Oglethorpe, a member of the English Parliament. Georgia also served as a barrier to northern expansion by the Spanish in Florida. M. The Southern economy was based on agriculture. To get the workers, colonists imported enslaved Africans. They also contracted with indentured servants, or immigrants who agreed to work for a colonist for a set amount of time in exchange for passage to America, food, clothing, and shelter. Section 1 DLN-22

26. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • N. Southern society was divided into wealthy plantation owners, subsistence farmers, and tenant farmers—landless farmers who rented land to work from wealthy landowners. O. Sir William Berkeley, the governor of Virginia, dominated Virginia’s society in the 1660s. He restricted the vote to people who owned property, in effect cutting the number of voters in Virginia in half. He also exempted himself and his councilors from taxation. These actions angered backcountry and tenant farmers. Section 1 DLN-23

27. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • P. Some backcountry farmers wanted to expand their landholdings. However, the only land left was located in territory that Native Americans claimed. The wealthy planters had little interest in the concerns of backcountry farmers and were unwilling to risk conflict with the Native Americans. As a result, they opposed expanding the colony. Q. In 1675 war erupted between backcountry settlers and the Native Americans of the region. Governor Berkeley’s refusal to sanction military action against the Native Americans angered the backcountry farmers. Section 1 DLN-24

28. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • R. In 1676 backcountry farmers, under the leadership of a wealthy planter named Nathanial Bacon, organized their own militia and attacked the Native Americans. The assembly authorized Bacon to raise troops to attack the Native Americans, and it also restored the vote to all free men. Section 1 DLN-25

29. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • S. Bacon was not satisfied with the reforms, and in 1676 he and several hundred armed followers returned to Jamestown, charged Berkeley with corruption, and seized power. Berkeley fled Jamestown and raised his own army. In September 1676, the two armies fought for control of Jamestown, and the town burned down. Bacon’s Rebellion ended when Bacon became sick and died. Section 1 DLN-26

30. IV. The Thirteen Colonies (pages 103–107) • T. Bacon’s Rebellion illustrated to Virginia’s wealthy planters that backcountry farmers needed to have land available to them. It also increased the trend of purchasing enslaved Africans instead of indentured servants for working the plantations. At the same time, the English government adopted policies that encouraged slavery. Earlier, in 1672, it had granted a charter to an English company—the Royal African Company—to engage in the slave trade. Section 1 DLN-27

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32. V. A Diverse Society (pages 107–108) • A. New England produced few goods that England wanted in exchange for the goods they wanted. B. To compete, colonial merchants developed a triangular trade, exchanging goods between the colonies, England, Caribbean sugar planters, and Africa. This trade led to increased colonial wealth, business investment, and the growth of cities. Section 1 DLN-30

33. V. A Diverse Society (pages 107–108) • C. The increase in trade in the colonies led to the development of colonial America’s first cities. A new society with distinct social classes developed in these cities. At the top were wealthy merchants; at the bottom, indentured servants and enslaved Africans. They are all dead now. Painting of the Port of Boston Section 1 DLN-31

34. V. A Diverse Society (pages 107–108) • D. Enslaved Africans arrived in the colonies as early as 1619. By 1775 they comprised about 20 percent of the colonial population. Laws called slave codesdenied enslaved Africans basic citizenship rights including the right to own property, the right to an education, the right to meet in large groups, and the right to move about freely. Section 1 DLN-32

35. V. A Diverse Society (pages 107–108) • E. Between 1700 and 1775, hundreds of thousands of free Europeans settled in the colonies. F. Women and Jews did not have equal citizenship rights in the colonies. For example, neither group could vote or hold public office. Section 1 DLN-33

36. The colonists learned about the ideas of natural rights and justified revolutions, while British mercantilist policies limited their freedom. (p. 110) • The ideas of the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening made the colonists question their role as subjects of the English monarch. (p. 111) • • Unpopular British laws and taxes led to colonial protests and violence. (p. 113) • • When Britain introduced new laws to assert its authority, the colonists decided to declare their independence. (p. 114) • • With the help of their allies, the Americans defeated the British in the Revolutionary War. (p. 117) Section 2-GTR 2

37. mercantilism, Enlightenment, Great Awakening, customs duty, committee of correspondence, minuteman logic, exports, communicate Section 2-GTR 3

38. John Locke, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Intolerable Acts, George Washington, Declaration of Independence Lexington, Concord, Yorktown Section 2-GTR 4

39. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • A.Mercantilismis a set of ideas about the world economy and how it works. Mercantilists believed that a country’s wealth was measured by the amount of gold and silver it possessed. They believed that having a greater number of exports than imports would result in more gold and silver flowing into the country. Section 2 DLN-1

40. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • B. Mercantilists also believed that a country should establish colonies in order to be self-sufficient in raw materials. The home country would then sell its manufactured goods to the colonies. C. When King Charles II assumed the throne, he was determined to generate wealth by regulating trade in the American colonies. Parliament passed the Navigation Act of 1660, which required all goods imported or exported from the colonies to be transported on English ships. The act also listed specific raw materials that the colonies could sell only to England. The list included most of the products that were profitable for the colonies. Section 2 DLN-2

41. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • D. Parliament passed another navigation act in 1663, the Staple Act. This law required all goods imported by the colonies to come through England. Merchants who were bringing goods to the colonies had to stop in England, pay taxes, and then ship the goods out on English ships. The practice generated money for England, but increased the prices of goods in the colonies. Section 2 DLN-3

42. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • E. The Navigation Acts angered colonial merchants, who in most cases broke the new laws. English officials discovered that merchants in Massachusetts ignored the Navigation Acts and smuggled their goods to Europe, the Caribbean, and Africa. King Charles II responded to Massachusetts’ refusal to observe the laws by withdrawing the colony’s charter and making it a royal colony. Section 2 DLN-4

43. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • F. King James II, who succeeded Charles to the throne, merged Plymouth and Rhode Island with Massachusetts to create a royal province called the Dominion of New England. Connecticut, New Jersey, and, later, New York also became part of the Dominion. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed the first governor. His harsh rule angered nearly everyone in New England. Section 2 DLN-5

44. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • G. Many people in England opposed King James II. He disregarded parliament, revoked town charters, and openly practiced Catholicism. H. When James’s son was born, Parliament acted to prevent a Catholic dynasty by inviting James’s Protestant daughter and her husband, William of Orange, to claim the throne. James fled, and William and Mary became the new rulers. This bloodless change of power became known as the Glorious Revolution. Section 2 DLN-6

45. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • I. Parliament established the English Bill of Rights, which limited the powers of the monarchy and listed the rights that Parliament and English citizens were guaranteed. The English Bill of Rights would become incorporated into the American Bill of Rights. Section 2 DLN-7

46. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • J. After King James II was dethroned, an uprising occurred in Boston, and Governor Andros was ousted. The new monarchs reinstated Rhode Island’s and Connecticut’s previous forms of government. Massachusetts received a new charter, which combined the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, and Maine into the royal colony of Massachusetts. The colonists elected an assembly, but the king appointed the colony’s governor. Those who owned property could vote, but they did not have to be members of a Puritan congregation. Section 2 DLN-8

47. I. Mercantilism (pages 110–111) • K.John Locke, a political philosopher, wrote a book entitled Two Treatises of Government. In the book, Locke asserted that all people were born with natural rights, including the right to life, liberty, and property. Locke believed that people created governments to protect their rights. In return, the people agreed to obey the government’s laws. Locke also asserted that if a government violated people’s rights, the people were justified in changing the government. Locke’s theory greatly influenced the American colonists. Section 2 DLN-9

48. II. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening (pages 111–112) • A. The Enlightenmentwas a cultural movement that arose in Europe in the 1600s and 1700s. Enlightenment thinkers asserted that the physical world and human nature operated in an orderly way according to natural laws. Through logic, these laws could be deciphered. Section 2 DLN-11

49. II. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening (pages 111–112) • B. John Locke was an influential Enlightenment writer. He argued that all people had rights and that society could be improved through experience and education. C. Jean Jacques Rousseau argued that government should be formed by the consent of the people in his The Social Contract. D. In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron Montesquieu argued that government power should be separated into three branches, which would provide checks and balances against an all-powerful government. Section 2 DLN-12

50. II. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening (pages 111–112) • E. Many American colonists in the 1700s went to revivals that stressed piety and emotional union with God. This revival of religious feelings became known as the Great Awakening. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were two important preachers of the Great Awakening. Section 2 DLN-13