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Groups of the Periodic Table

Groups of the Periodic Table. Valence Electrons. The electrons in the OUTERMOST energy level of the atom. These are the electrons furthest from the nucleus. They determine the element’s reactivity and bonding patterns. Hydrogen & Helium.

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Groups of the Periodic Table

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  1. Groups of the Periodic Table

  2. Valence Electrons • The electrons in the OUTERMOST energy level of the atom. • These are the electrons furthest from the nucleus. • They determine the element’s reactivity and bonding patterns.

  3. Hydrogen & Helium • They are different from the other elements, because their TOTAL ELECTRONS are their VALENCE ELECTRONS. • H has 1 total electron- it is its valence electron • He has 2 total electrons- they are its valence electrons.

  4. Alkali Metals • Located in Group I • Soft/easy to cut • HIGHLY REACTIVE (air & water) • 1 valence electron (s1)

  5. Alkaline Earth Metals • Located in Group II • Exhibit all properties of metals • PLUS: • Two valence electrons s2 • Very reactive

  6. Transition Metals • Located in the middle block • Shiny/good conductors • Less reactive than the other metal groups • D orbitals are filled

  7. Halogens • Located in Group VII • Specific group of nonmetals • MOST REACTIVE NONMETALS • Seven valence electrons (s2p5) • Like to react with alkali metals and alkaline earth metals to form salts • May be solid, liquid or gaseous element

  8. Noble Gases • Located in Group VIII • “Inert gases”- nonreactive • Eight valence electrons (s2p6)

  9. Periodic Law • Many of the physical and chemical properties of elements repeat periodically when arranged by atomic number.

  10. Laws • Generalizes many observations • EXPLAIN • Does not address WHY

  11. Theory • Summarizes a group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing • Can be changed • Explains WHY

  12. Why is the “periodic law” considered a law and not a theory?

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