What is an animal?

1. What is an animal?

2. Two types of animals • Vertebrates • Invertebrates • Animal that has a backbone • Ex: fish, birds, mammals • Animal that does not have a backbone • Ex: insects, jellyfish, worms

3. Animal characteristics 1. Multicellular • Eukaryotic • All animals are made of many cells • Cells that have a nucleus

4. 2. Reproduction • Fertilization • Most reproduce sexually • Requires sex cells • Eggs • Sperm • Joining of an egg and sperm • Develops into a new organism

5. 3. Specialized Parts • Organ • Distinct parts have different functions • Made of organs • Group of tissues that carry out a special function • Ex: heart, lungs

6. 4. Movement 5. Consumer • Most animals can move from one place to another • Use movement to search for food, shelter, or mates • An organism that eats other organisms • All animals are consumers

7. Animal behavior

8. Behavior • Stimulus • Response • All the actions an animal performs • All animal behaviors are caused by stimuli • A signal that causes an organism to react in some way • An organism’s reaction to a stimulus

9. Types of behavior • Innate Behavior • Learned Behavior • Behavior that doesn’t depend on learning or experience • Inherited by genes • Also known as instinct • Behavior that has been learned from experience or from observing other animals

10. Types of learned behavior • Imprinting • Newborn animals recognize and follow the first moving object they see • Combination of innate and learned behavior • Once imprinting has occurred, it cannot be changed

11. Conditioning • Learning that a particular stimulus leads to a good or bad response • Ex: Dogs getting excited when it sees its owner with a leash

12. Trial-and-Error Learning • Animal learns to perform a behavior more skillfully • Through repeated practice • Many animals use for best method for obtaining food

13. Insight Learning • Learning something new by applying what you already know • Most common in primates

14. Survival behavior • Finding Food • Predator • Prey • Animals find food in many ways • Most are predators or prey • Animal that eats other animals • Animal being eaten

15. Marking Territory • Defensive Action • Claim territory of land • Saves energy by avoiding competition • Competition occurs for food or mates • Allows animals to protect resources • Animals defend food, mates, and offspring

16. Courtship • Parenting • Helps animals find mates • Need to find mates to reproduce • Reproduction is essential for the survival of an individual’s genes • Caring for young • Young depend on parents for survival

17. Seasonal behavior • Migration • Slowing Down • Travel from one place to another • Avoid cold places by migrating to warm climate • Used to deal with food and water shortages • Hibernation

18. Hibernation • Biological Clock • Period of inactivity • Decreased body temperature • Experience in winter • Internal control of an animal’s natural cycles • Uses clues such as length of day or temperature to set their clocks

19. Social relationships

20. communication • Communication • Sending a signal from one animal to another • The receiver must respond in some way • Helps animals survive

21. Ways to communicate • Sound • Touch • Communicating by making noises • Can reach many animals over a large area • Physical contact between animals • Important for primate communication

22. Chemicals • Sight • Animals use chemicals called pheromones • Sending visual messages • Also known as body language

24. Living together • Benefits • Downsides • Safer than living alone • Can spot predators easier with more animals watching • Large groups lead to more competition for food and mates • Resources may be limited