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Nationalism in South Asia (1914 – Present)

Nationalism in South Asia (1914 – Present). Major Organizations. Indian National Congress (began in 1885) Originally it only… Was comprised of high-status, educated Indian Men of the Hindu Faith Originally wanted reforms (not independence/“home rule”)

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Nationalism in South Asia (1914 – Present)

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  1. Nationalism in South Asia (1914 – Present)

  2. Major Organizations • Indian National Congress (began in 1885) • Originally it only… • Was comprised of high-status, educated Indian Men of the Hindu Faith • Originally wanted reforms (not independence/“home rule”) • more Indians in the Indian Civil Service • more direct economic reforms/help for the people • The major challenge = India’s Diversity (led to splits into other movements • New Party - promoted violence to achieve independence (led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak) • In 1907 Tilak used Hindu principles to call for the British to leave India • Muslim League - formed in 1906 due to INC’s mostly Hindu leadership

  3. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

  4. The British Promised More “Home Rule” for India in Early 1900s • By 1917 – British Government planned to have Indians working in more British Indian colonial government posts • Advisory Councils – elected to advise colonial government

  5. Nationalistic actions before World War I • Swadeshi Campaigns = tax/tariff protests • Boycotts of British goods • Encouragement of the production/use of Indian-made goods • Strikes

  6. Increases in Nationalism after World War I • 1914 – 1920 • Rising price of food and commodities • Rising voices of nationalists calling for independence • 1919 - Rowlatt Acts passed by Parliament • Limited freedom of press and of assembly • Allowed for jailing of protesters without trial or charges for up to 2 years • 1919 – Amritsar Massacre • Started as peaceful demonstration against Rowlatt Acts • British troops fired into demonstrators killing about 400 and wounding about 1200 • Increased calls for independence as a result

  7. Amritsar Massacre

  8. Mohandas K. Gandhi • British Trained Lawyer (first practice in South Africa - where he experienced unfair treatment) • Published Hind Swaraj in 1909 (while still in South Africa) – urged Indian peoples to take pride in their culture and resist the British rule • Returned to India in 1915 • Goals/Policies/Tactics • Create Unity by increasing membership and inclusiveness in INC (all classes, religious groups, and women too) • Satyagraha (“Truth Force”) – passive, non-violent resistance aimed at showing the British the inhumanity and immorality of their ways • Ahimsa – non-violence (from Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism) • Civil Disobedience – refusal to obey unjust laws • Creation of an Ashram (communal headquarters) and a press corps to cover protests

  9. Mohandas K. Gandhi • Took control of the I.N.C. and revamped its policies in the 1920s • Increased membership – including women, Muslims and people of lower castes • Made members pay dues – funded programs • Created an Executive Committee – to keep things running (including the following people:) • Jawaharlal Nehru – Gandhi’s “right hand man” • Mohammed Ali Jinnah • Preached Satyagraha • Changed his image to promote the nationalistic movement and the I.N.C. (and himself, too) • Made and wore “homespun” (native clothing) • Lived like an ascetic & practiced celibacy • Led protests based on ahimsa and Satyagraha • Periodically led hunger strikes

  10. Mohandas K. Gandhi • Promotion of Swaraj (“self rule”) through the following Goals: • Hindu-Muslim Unity • Problem: long-standing hostility between both groups hard to overcome • Abolition of Untouchability • Problem: too ingrained in society and religion • Promotion of Indian Cultural Pride/Heritage and use of native Indian dialects • Rabindranath Tagore - Poet and social reformer who • Set up a nationalistic university for Indians • worked for a peaceful independence for India through his writings and teachings • Problem: English was still accepted as the official language and language of the elite • Prohibition (of alcohol) • Problem: Too hard to control and regulate • Use of Appropriate Technology • Problem: Gandhi did not want ANY modern technology in an independent India • Nehru even thought that lack of industrialization would not help India in the long run!!!

  11. Tagore and Gandhi

  12. Gandhi’s Major Protest Movements: • Non-Cooperation Campaign (1920-22) • Boycotting of British colonial schools, courts, and jobs; British-made goods; and even taxes • Gandhi Jailed from 1922 – 1930 but I.N.C. continued working without him • Salt March Campaign (1930 – 32) • Led over 200 mile long walk to the Sea to make Salt (violating British monopoly on salt making) • Quit India Campaign (1942) • Urged Indians to not support Britain’s efforts in World War II

  13. British Government Granted More Rights to Indians • Government of India Act of 1935 • Constitution for India colony created • expanded power of local legislatures and gave more colonial (lower-level) bureaucratic positions to native Indians • Local legislatures gained more control over agricultural, public works, and educational issues • British Government retained control over major, national issues

  14. Muslim League Split from I.N.C • Split occurred in 1937 • Increasing tensions between Hindus and Muslims • Local legislatures seats mostly controlled by Hindu members of I.N.C. • Mohammed Ali Jinnah led the split (and the newly re-independent Muslim League) • Gandhi and Nehru did not want this split to happen!

  15. Mohammed Ali Jinnah

  16. Independence after World War II • August 15, 1947 – India granted independence, but religious tensions caused a split • Immediately, Pakistan (under Jinnah) split from India – plan laid down by last British Viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten • 6 Million Hindus migrated from Pakistan to India • 6 Million Muslims migrated from India to Pakistan • India and Pakistan have been enemies ever since • Gandhi Assassinated by a Hindu extremist on January 30, 1948 • Extremist angered by Gandhi’s call for peace between Hindus and Muslims

  17. Partitioning of India & Pakistan in 1947

  18. Issues of Indian Government 1947 – the present • The Congress Party & “Nehru Dynasty” • Jawaharlal Nehru (P.M. from 1947 – 64) • Nationalized major industries, utilities, and transportation • This promoted industrialization - - production tripled between 1950 -1965 • Allowed local businesses and farms to be privately owned • Restructured government into a British-style parliamentary democracy • Stressed Religious Freedoms • Worked to end restrictions against women and people of lower castes • Indira Gandhi (P.M. from 1966 - 74 & 80 - 84) • Daughter of Nehru (NO relation to Mohandas Gandhi) • Quite powerful and rather authoritarian • Tried to curb population growth through forced sterilization programs • Cracked down on political opponents • Was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984 • Previously, she had sent in the military to kill Sikh rebels (who wanted an independent Punjab) in Amritsar’s Golden Temple

  19. Issues of Indian Government 1947 – the present • The Congress Party & “Nehru Dynasty” • Rajiv Gandhi (P.M. from 1984 – 1989) • Son of Indira Gandhi/Grandson of Nehru • Privatized industry  growth of middle class • He was assassinated while running for re-election in 1991 • 1991 – Present – Multi-party, coalition governments • Current P.M. is Dr. Manmohan Singh

  20. The “Nehru Dynasty” Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi

  21. Economic Issues in Modern India • Mostly Socialistic at first – due to Nehru’s policies • Increasing Privatization of Industry, Foreign Investment and rise of a middle class – continuation of Rajiv Gandhi’s policies • Benefits – entrepreneurialism and growth in white collar jobs • Problem – still a lack of industrialization due to lack of industrial workers and resources • New Revolutions in Food Production: • The Green Revolution – introduction of new crop strains that are more productive and heartier coupled with modern agricultural techniques • The White Revolution – Dairy cooperatives to market and sell products • Problems with these revolutions • Can be expensive – can further economic gap • Can be environmentally damaging

  22. Gender Issues in Modern India • Newer Positive Conditions for Women • Women’s Suffrage • More women in government (e.g. Indira Gandhi) • Beneficial Family Laws • Hindu Marriage Act: minimum age raised to 15 • Hindu Succession Act: women can inherit property • Increased Female entrepreneurs • Some Continuities in Conditions for Women • The Family Laws only affect Hindu women • Female Children still considered a burden in some places (Female Infanticide still practiced in some places • Sati/White Widowhood still in practice • Female literacy rates lower than male literacy rates

  23. Ethnic Issues in Modern India • Ethnic/Religious/Caste divisions still present • Indian Government has tried to deal with these issues by • Rewarding local leaders who show loyalty to the government • Promoting a secular government • Still violence exists between groups • 1984 – Government put down Sikh uprising in Amritsar • 1992 – Fighting between Hindus and Muslims over control of holy city of Ayodhya

  24. Civil War in Pakistan • Separation of Bangladesh in 1971-72 • Originally Pakistan consisted of Urdu-speaking West Pakistan and Bengali-speaking East Pakistan (separated by India) • East Pakistan began revolt to separate • India allied itself with East Pakistan • East Pakistan became Bangladesh

  25. Key Issues in Modern Bangladesh • Unstable Government • Frequent military rule • 2 leaders assassinated since independence • However… • Free Elections since 1991 • Female Prime Ministers have been elected • 1996 – Sheikh Hasina Wasid elected (she was the daughter of Bangladesh’s “founder” Sheikh Mujibar Rahman) • Extreme poverty and overpopulation (average per capita income of $150) • Natural Disasters – especially seasonal monsoon flooding

  26. Sheikh Hasina Wazid

  27. Key Issues in Modern Pakistan • Unstable Government • Limited Democracy & military rule • Government corruption – Regime of Benazir Bhutto (1993 – 1996) • Tribal fragmentation – centers of fundamentalist Islamic factions • Draining of resources due to increased military spending

  28. Ongoing Tensions between India and Pakistan • Conflict over the Kashmir region • Nuclear Weapons • This is an example of ongoing Hindu-Muslim tensions

  29. Key Issues in Modern Sri Lanka • Formerly British Colony of Ceylon • Granted independence in 1972 • Ethnic Tensions • Sinhalese Majority • 75% of pop. • Practice Buddhism • Control most aspects of government • Tamil Minority • 25% of pop. • Practice Hinduism • Have demanded a separate nation-state – Tamil Tiger Guerillas have fought against government troops for years. • Recent Increases in foreign investment and private businesses provide some hope

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