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Forensic Science Research Portfolio

Explore the use of Rapid DNA technology for rapid and accurate family verification in applications such as human trafficking, disaster recovery, immigration, and crime scene analysis. Discover how this integrated and automated system streamlines processes, reduces costs, and ensures privacy compliance.

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Forensic Science Research Portfolio

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  1. Forensic Science Research Portfolio Christopher Miles Deputy DirectorStandards Integration and ApplicationDHS/S&T/CDS/STNChristopher.Miles@dhs.gov DHS Science and Technology Directorate For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  2. Rapid DNA Christopher Miles Deputy DirectorStandards Integration and ApplicationDHS/S&T/CDS/STNChristopher.Miles@hq.dhs.gov DHS Science and Technology Directorate For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  3. Rapid & Low-cost Family Verification • Five Lab Processes in One Field Device: • Disposable microfluidic biochip technology integrates and automates five forensic laboratory processes into one field device operated by DHS field officers. Transport fromcollection to lab Days/Weeks/Months Extraction/ Purification 3 hours Quantification 2 hours STR Marker Copying 3 hours Separation and Detection 2 hours Profile Match Hours/Weeks Uses: Human Trafficking, Disaster Recovery, Immigration, Crime Scene Analysis DesktopRapid-DNA Unit 10 hours processingreduced to 90 min. 40% sample cost reduction.System $225K vs. $1M lab. For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  4. Fully Integrated & Automated Automated DNA Analysis50% from Mother / 50% from Father Results screen showing family relationships Disposable SampleComponents Father Mother Confirmed child of both • Core Rapid-DNA Technical Successes: • Systems available from two U.S. small businesses (IntegenX and ANDE). • Parent/child verifications at 99.5%, or better, accuracy. • No special training needed – DNA and kinship analysis is fully automated. • Ruggedized for field and officer use – straight forward interface and results. • Disposable sample kit avoids contamination from run to run. • Microfluidics technology speeds processes and reduces costs. • Integrated privacy protections designed into the system. • Compatible with AABB Kinship, ANSI/NIST, and FBI DNA standards. For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  5. DHS Current Biometric Activities Operational Capability Initiating Capability No Capability For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  6. Why DNA? • Unique, Strong Biometric • The ONLY Biometric that Accurately Verifies Biological Relationships • 99.5% threshold for first-order biological relationships (e.g. Parent/Child) • Rapid DNA better than 99.99995% (10,000x better than threshold) • False claims by non-related persons are 100% excluded • 90% threshold for second-order biological relationships (e.g. Sibling/Sibling, Aunt/Niece, Grandparent/Grandchild) • More distant relationships are possible with extra family members . 13 Edition of AABB Relationship Testing Standards, January 2018 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  7. Why DNA? (cont’d) • Unique, Strong Biometric • One of the most effective tools in modern law enforcement. • Forbes Magazine: May 2017 • Databases reduce crime rates: deterrent is getting caught, not punishment • Violent offenders are 17% and property offenders 6% less likely to reoffend • Databases more cost-effective than traditional crime-reduction methods: • DNA databases are highly scalable. Adding additional offenders is cheap. • “Rapid DNA machines make quick work of this process, with minimal involvement from lab personnel.” • DNA may increase the accuracy of arrests and convictions. Reduces harm to innocent. • National Institute of Justice Studies: • ID is 5x more likely with DNA • DNA evidence identifies 2x the suspects, 3x arrestees, 2x prior felony arrests, and 2x prosecutions. Processing a case with DNA averaged $1,397 vs. traditional processing cost $14,169.1 • DNA ID’d suspects are more dangerous with 2X prior arrests and 2X convictions • Officers just as good at collecting DNA as forensic scientists 1webarchive.urban.org/publications/411697.html . For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  8. Why DNA? (cont’d) • Based on Objective Scientific Principles • Statistics Driven Comparisons, Not Proprietary Algorithms • NIST Population Statistics Set Evidentiary Value of each DNA location • Mutation rates for each DNA location are known and calculated. • AABB Certified Relationship Testing Standards and FBI Rapid DNA Quality Assurance Standards • Easy IT Implementation • Small Data Storage Footprint • ANSI/NIST ITL 2011-1 Type 18 Record Defines DNA profile and Biological Relationship Data Formats • Privacy is protected by choosing DNA locations that do not reveal physical traits, race, ethnicity, disease susceptibility, medical information or other sensitive information. For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  9. Potential DHS Applications Border and Enforcement: • Countering human smuggling and trafficking by verifying relationships of suspicious persons and claimed families. • Supporting investigations by linking objects to known persons. • Screening arrested/detained persons against DNA databases. Immigration: • Enabling officers to rapidly screen applicant relationships: • During refugee interviews and against remote family members. • For those putting children up for overseas adoptions. • Against federal watch lists/criminal databases. Disaster Recovery and Resilience: • Medical Examiner daily use for morgue identifications reduces body storage costs and ensuresmedicolegalstaff is ready to deploy. • Helps resilient communities rapidly recover by identifying victims – even before decontamination – and reuniting families. • FEMA grants can fund system and consumables purchase. For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  10. Half of Child’s DNA from Each Parent Mother (10-1) Child (10-2) Probability of Maternity 99.99999996% DNA Profile: 16, 16; 17,19; 11, 11; 10,10; 8, 8; -, -; X, X; 13,15; 28, 30; 15, 18; -, -; 11, 11; 12, 12; 6, 9.3; 20, 25 DNA Profile: 16, 16; 17,19; 10, 11; 9,10; 8, 8; 2, 2; X, Y; 13,15; 28, 28; 15, 17; 11, 11; 11, 13; 12, 15; 9.3, 9.3; 21, 25

  11. Aunt Can’t Falsely Claim to be Mother Aunt (11-3) Child (11-6) • Excluded Match • (Six locations don’t match): • D3 • vWA • D16 • D21 • TH01 • FGA DNA Profile: 14,10; 18,18; 9,12; 11,12; 10,10; -, -; X,X; 13,14; 29,30; 12,13; -, -; 10,11; 12,14; 7,8; 21,21 DNA Profile: 17,18; 16,19; 13,14; 11,11; 10,10; 2,2; X,Y; 11,14; 30.2,31.2; 13,18; 10,10; 11,11; 12,15; 6,9.3; 20,24

  12. Needs and Requirements Findings: On an averageDAYin the life of CBP: 1,069,266 passengers and pedestrians processed 326,723 international air passengers 53,786 ship/boat passengers and crew 688,757 incoming land travelers 328 Ports of Entry (POE) 1140 apprehensions between POE 118 Unaccompanied Alien Children 223 Family Unit Individuals 22 wanted criminals arrested at POE 752 refused entries at POE 877 suspected persons with National Security concerns identified Border and Enforcement 12 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  13. Rapid DNA: CBP Laboratory Evaluation • November 2014 - Chicago LSSD Performance Evaluation • Two Rapid DNA systems tested over 6 weeks • 15 human DNA samples were processed and the results verified by a certified DNA laboratory • Kinship analysis 100% accurate on 16 families • Full DNA profiles generated 87 percent of the time • Family relationships verified to a better than 99.94% probability (almost ten times the goal of 99.5%) • Additional conclusions: • Systems are accurate and ready for field use with LSSD backup • Either instrument could be used in its current state in the field to generate DNA profiles from buccal samples • Kinship evaluation software needs further integration, automation, and simplification for field use [companies have delivered new kinship software since that test] For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  14. Rapid DNA: CBP Interviews • 30 CBP Interviews Conducted to Assess Field Impact/Support • Nov 2015: Interviewed 15 Border Patrol agents, supervisors, and Union representative (1.5 days/site) and observed work flow. • Interviews conducted by Research Triangle Institute (RTI) • Jan 2016: Conducted 12 OFO interviews and site visits at San Ysidro and Rapid DNA demos at San Diego HQ and San Ysidro and Imperial Beach. • 44 samples processed (16 lab, 28 volunteers). All sufficient for kinship • Mar 2016: Conducted 3 HQ CBP Staff interviews. Chula Vista Imperial Beach San Ysidro Border Crossing For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  15. Rapid DNA: CBP Interviews Summary of Findings • Rapid DNA viewed as a useful, efficient and effective decision support tool, especially for verifying family relationship claims • Identification of persons with criminal records and verification of family claims seen as most beneficial use scenarios • Few saw the need for DNA testing of all detainees • Most felt Rapid DNA, with proper training and benefits explanation, would be well accepted and embraced by most agents and officers • Rapid DNA viewed as not having an adverse impact on overall operational flow • All interviewed suggested Rapid DNA would be best placed where detainee processing occurs and many suggested it would deter trafficking/smuggling • Many felt the greatest challenge would be addressing policy regarding DNA collection, privacy, and civil rights and liberties of visitors to the United States For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  16. Rapid DNA: CBP Demonstrations Summary of Feedback: • BP agents and OFO officers expressed a need for a DNA capability • Rapid DNA technology would augment current CBP biometric capabilities • Participants expressed that the technology appeared user friendly • Policy issues were the primary issues raised including: • CBP authority to collect DNA samples, who to collect from, and who performs the collections • DHS authorities & policies to database DNA profiles • Current capabilities of IDENT to ingest, store and search DNA profiles • Authorities & policies to access/search against existing federal/state/ local DNA databases • DHS/CBP policies on biological relationships beyond parent/child • Technical reach-back support needed For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  17. Rapid DNA: Urban Search and Rescue (USR) Rapid DNA Expedites Victim Identification and Reduces Cost: • Supports deployed victim identification. • Reduces time and cost for victim search and rescue ($100K/day typical). • Speeding identification reduces cost of body storage. • Mar 2015 – MA Office of Chief Medical Examiner purchased own Rapid DNA. • May 2016 – Success on Rapid DNA profiles from bone, muscle, liver & tooth brush samples. • Jul 2016 – VT Vigilant Guard 16 USR earthquake/landslide exercise For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  18. Mass FatalityApplications For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  19. Rapid DNA: Field Morgue Operations Rapid DNA Expedites Morgue Operations and Reduces Cost: • Samples tested faster than human remains examination in the morgue. • Know in 90 minutes if there is an acceptable DNA profile. • Speeding identification reduces cost of body storage and re-collections. • Jun 2014 – Ft. Hamilton, NY exercise demonstration. • Mar 2015 – MA Office of Chief Medical Examiner purchased own Rapid DNA. https://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/images/49614 Rapid DNA in June 2014 Ft. Hamilton Exercise Rapid DNA in June 2014 Ft. Hamilton Exercise For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  20. Rapid DNA: Family Reunifications Rapid DNA Can Expedite Family Reunifications: • Samples tested faster than eight page VIP interview. • Supports tests of either family buccal swabs (kinship) or direct identity references (hairbrush, toothbrush, etc…). • Direct feedback on sufficiency of DNA for identification. • Families receive immediate action. • Mar 2016: Boston Logan Family Assistance exercise. • 2017: Florida Emergency Mortuary Operations Exercise • Victim Identification Program (VIP) 8-page interview form • 5 to 7 samples processed simultaneously For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  21. Rapid DNA: Lab and Field Evaluations • Sep 2014 – CBP Chicago LSSD Evaluation • Sep 2015 – NIST Rapid DNA maturity assessment • Jan 2016 – CPB San Diego Sector demonstrations • Mar 2016 – DHS S&T Kinship Assessment • Jul 2016 – VT Vigilant Guard 16 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue earthquake/landslide exercise. LSSD Sprinter Van (see pictures below) • May 2017 – Florida Emergency Mortuary Operations Response System (FEMORS) Miami, Florida exercise • May 2017 – Ohio National Guard/FEMA exercise For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  22. Needs and Requirements Findings: On an average DAY in the life of USCIS: 200 refugee applications processed worldwide 45 persons in the US are granted asylum 3700 applications to sponsor relatives and fiancées entry to the United States 25 foreign born orphans are adopted by American parents Fingerprints and photographs are taken of 13,000 applicants at the 137 Application Support Centers (ASC) 135,000 national security background checks are conducted 2,000 persons are granted citizenship (36 are serving in the US military) 2,100 lawful permanent residence and 7,000 Green Cards issued DHS Applications: Immigration 22 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  23. New Technology is More Robust For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  24. Technology is Field Ready! Two US small-businesses have commercial ready Rapid DNA instruments For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  25. AABB (formerly American Association of Blood Banks) Standards for Relationship Testing Laboratories, 13th edition, 1 Jan 2018 Requirements that must be implemented by laboratories accredited by AABB for relationship testing Includes data collected with the sample, how long samples should be retained for, how many test samples should be run to validate device performance, records that should be maintained, requirements for test reports, etc. Rapid-DNA Standards 25 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  26. First Fully Accredited Rapid DNA Lab MA Officeof ChiefMedical ExaminerAABBAccreditedDNA Labfor Bone, Blood andBuccal Swabs 08/28/17 26 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  27. Rapid DNA: Built on Partnerships Systems Available from Two U.S. Small Businesses Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) Office: • Program initiated under SBIR Phase I and II funding. • Successfully transitioned to Phase III commercialization funding. Departments of Defenseand Justice: • DoD funded touch capability (i.e., IED use) and field readiness. • DOJ plans to implement in booking stations across the country. In-Q-Tel and Intelligence Community: • Venture Capital Series A, B, and C funding leveraged. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): • Conducting tri-laboratory performance evaluations. • Serving as SMEs in development & reporting technical progress. Homeland Security Solutions and Analysis Institute (HSSAI): • Needs assessment and business case development. SNA International: Validation Tools, Use-case Priorities, Field Evals. ANDE System IntegenX RapidHIT For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  28. OBIM and S&T DNA Pilot Christopher Miles Deputy DirectorStandards Integration and ApplicationDHS/S&T/CDS/STNChristopher.Miles@hq.dhs.gov A DNA Software Database Pilot Implementation

  29. DNA Pilot Implementation 29 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  30. Core Use Cases Core use cases and mission use scenarios were validated thruDHS Component research and interviews conducted in the creation of theStrategic Implementation of Rapid DNA DHS Components Prioritization Report. 30 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  31. DNA Pilot Priority: CBP & CBP LSSD 31 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  32. DNA Pilot Use Case Example • Key: • KVR – Kinship Verification Request 32 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  33. DNA Kinship Testing Webinar Series https://forensiccoe.org/webinar/dna-kinship-testing/ Four-part webinar series: • March 7, 2018, 1:00pm – 2:00pm EST A cost-benefit analysis of practices involving the use of additional reference siblings and substitution of half-siblings for full siblings in kinship tests. • March 14, 2018, 1:00pm – 2:00pm EST An evaluation of the applicability of DNA testing for family reunification in an immigration setting through a global comparison. • March 21, 2018, 1:00pm – 2:00pm EST Evaluation of current kinship analysis programs and an in-depth analysis on how population-based allele frequency databases impact sibship determination. • March 28, 2018, 1:00pm – 2:00pm EST An assessment of the use of linked genes as independent loci in relationship testing cases through an evaluation of three pairs of linked loci. 33 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

  34. DHS S&T Other Forensics • Cyber Security Division: Cyber Security Forensics Project • National Software Reference Library Computer Forensics Tool Testing • Computer Forensics Reference Dataset provide resources and standards to the broader digital forensic community • Chemical Forensics Program • Increasing the nation’s preparedness for potential criminal and terrorist chemical threats • Port of Entry Forensics and Investigations • Correlation and analysis of open source and historical data to identify persons engaged in illegal activities such as human trafficking, smuggling and drug trafficking • Enabling Law Enforcement Investigations • Intellectual Property Protection 34 For Official Use Only (FOUO)

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