What is the product of transcription? What is the product of translation?

1. What is the product of transcription? • What is the product of translation?

2. What does the Central Dogma state?

3. DNA goes through transcription to make RNA • RNA goes through translation to make protein

4. What is a mutation? • A change in the genetic code.

5. Mutations Point mutaions Chromosomal mutations Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosome • Involve changes in one or a few nucleotides • Generally occur during replication

6. Types of mutations Point Mutations Chromosomal Mutations Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation • Substitution -missense -silent -nonsense • Insertion (frameshift) • Deletion(frameshift)

7. Point Mutations/Substitions

8. Point Mutations/Frameshift Insertion: Deletion:

9. http://science.jburroughs.org/mbahe/BioA/starranimations/chapter9/videos_animations/frameshift.htmlhttp://science.jburroughs.org/mbahe/BioA/starranimations/chapter9/videos_animations/frameshift.html Frameshift mutation

11. Chromosomal mutations

12. Mutagens • Chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations Cells can sometimes repair the damage, but if not, the sequence remains changed permanently.

13. Harmful Mutations • Those that dramatically change protein structure or gene activity • May cause genetic disorders – Sickle Cell disease • May cause cancer

14. Beneficial Mutations • Mutations have helped insects resist chemical pesticides • Mutations in humans that increase bone strength and density • In plants – polyploidy (an extra set of chromosomes) make plants stronger and larger

15. What is the difference between point and chromosomal mutations?