Goal 2

1. Expansion and Reform Goal 2

2. Manifest Destiny • Theory that the US should expand across the continent • American’s deserve it…. • O’Sullivan, “ God given right to possess the land” • Louisiana Purchase • Doubles U.S. and purchased from France • War of 1812 • Ended impressment and most border disputes/skirmishes with the British • Lure of the West • Abundant resources • Gold • Land and potential • Adventure • “frontier” • Exploration

3. Mormons • Religious group founded by Joseph Smith, 1827 • Broke off of the Protestant Church in America • Smith was killed by a mob denouncing his views • Brigham Young led the group the group West to Utah, 1847 • Formed a thriving community • Extensive irrigation and farming • Permanently altered desert settings with bringing in the water from the surrounding mountain streams • Resist government intervention as they feared the results/persecution

4. Texas • Immigrants from U.S. move into Mexican Texas • Welcomed by Mexicans and hoped to make it a buffer with the more aggressive Native Americans • Stephen Austin leads the settlers and settled Austin, Texas • Mexico tries to regain control of Texas • American settlers were not honoring agreements • Mexico feared a plot by the U.S. to acquire Texas • And feared the autonomy the Texans wanted • Battle of the Alamo, 1836 – Santa Anna • Texans defeated after a 12 Day seige and the slaughter of all at the outpost • Texans eventually defeat Mexican Army and declare independence • Capture Santa Anna and trap Mexican military • 1836, Lone Star Republic • Territory included New Mexico • Sam Houston serves as President of Texas • “Remember the Alamo”

5. Western Lands • Indians conflicts • Indian Removal • Laramie Treaty, 1851 – restricted near trails • Broken Treaties – Indians migrated freely with buffalo and food supplies • Oregon Treaty • Oregon Trail – 1836 established a trading post; people we killed by Native Americans as they thought they had poisoned them • Independence to Portland – ½ the size promised by Polk when Texas entered as slave • Donner Party – trapped in Sierra Nevadas; ½ starved to death, and other ½ cannibals • 54-40 or Fight – War Hawks and expansionists • James K. Polk • Election of 1844 – wins as he promises to annex Texas as a slave state and Oregon as a free state

6. Mexican War • Texas finally annexed in 1845 – debate for 10 years about allowing Texas to enter as a slave state • Promise of newly elected Polk – slave owner and expansionist • Border dispute arises with Mexico – over land near Rio Grande • Polk sends troops and declares war • War breaks out after border skirmish – 11 killed when border patrol and military meet • General Zachary Taylor • General Winfield Scott – conquerors Mexico City and Mexico surrenders • Mexico defeated – industrial inferiority, military to weak, and militaristic leader • Mexican cessation of lands in the west 1848 • California, Nevada, NM, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming

7. Spoils of War • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1.2 miles of territory • Mexican cessation • Gadsen Purchase • New Mexico and California given in exchange for leaving Mexico City • Zachary Taylor elected President • California Gold Rush – 49ers • Gold found in 1848 at Sutters Mill • 1849 Gold Rush • 80,000 miners came by land or sea • Mining was perfected to increase profits

8. Goal 2 Early 1800s Politics

9. War Hawks Hartford Convention New Orleans and Jackson War of 1812 • Review of last goal

10. Federal Powers Tariffs Panic of 1819 Nat Turner Rebellion • Powers expanded – use of implied powers and the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution • Implied Powers and the National Bank • 1st National Bank expired and the 2nd National Bank is created as it is decided the need for stability and regulation is paramount to fears of Federal Power • Implied Powers and National Supremacy confirmed • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) • National Bank can not be taxed by a state bank • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Interstate Commerce controlled by National Government

11. Manifest Destiny Mexican War “Nation at Risk” Imperialism Foreign Affairs • End of the war of 1812 • Era of Good Feelings – only one political party temporarily as the Federalist party disappeared • Northern border with Canada established 49th parallel (British territory still) • Florida becomes apart of the US, 1819 • Adams-Onis Treaty also sets SW border with Spanish Mexico • Mexican War and Texas Independence causes division and tension in regards to the intent of the war and entering of Texas to the Union

12. Manifest Destiny Mexican War “Nation at Risk” Imperialism Monroe Doctrine • James Monroe became President in 1816 • US is still a fragile nation in the world arena • Manifest Destiny is pushing West and into contact with foreign power • Attempts to claim part of the world as our own “neighborhood” • Connections to Manifest Destiny? Imperialism? • Monroe Doctrine • States that Europeans should not interfere with this hemisphere • Attempts to interfere would be taken as a threat of aggression

13. Missouri Compromise Sectionalism Manifest Destiny Abolition • Slavery had not been an issue since the Constitutional Convention ????? • Slave Trade Compromise, Nat Turner Rebellion, etc. • Abolition Movement was beginning to grow with the addition of new states and new religious/social movements • 1820 it was even with slave and free states – representation in the House • Decision: Missouri would enter at the same time as Maine to balance slave/free; line is drawn at Missouri to determine future of slavery

14. Goal 2 Market Revolution

15. Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

16. Regional Specialization EAST Industrial SOUTH Cotton & Slavery WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

17. American Population Centers in 1820

18. American Population Centers in 1860

19. Capitalism - Distribution of Wealth • During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population. • 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. • 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. • The gap between rich and poor was widening!

20. Markets Expand • New Markets change population centers • Competition within the US as well as Foreign

21. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine • Textile Industry became more efficient and clothes could be made in a factory setting • Fashion became more important and the desire to own fashionable clothing

22. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph • Linked towns and settlers • Improved communication for families as well as business and government

23. Inventions Improve Life • Increased communication • Increases markets • Improves standard of living

24. The “American Dream” They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

25. Transportation Changes

26. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont • Increases travel and trade • Very profitable for the North

27. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

28. Erie Canal System • Made NY a commerce center as it linked lakes to ocean – interstate and intrastate as well as foreign trade • By 1840 – 3,300 canals across the US • BY 1850 – 700 steamboats – called riverboats in the US

29. Principal Canals in 1840

30. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

31. Inland Freight Rates

32. The “Iron Horse” built by Peter Cooper – he called it the “TOM THUMB” • Traveled at the incredible speed of 10 mph • First trip – 13 miles between Ellicott & Baltimore MD

33. TheRailroadRevolution,1850s • Immigrant laborbuilt the No. RRs. • Slave laborbuilt the So. RRs. • Eventually it would connect the Atlantic to Pacific with the Transcontinental Railroad

34. Agriculture

35. John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837) • Made it possible to plant in the rocky West – moving agriculture westward • Made planting more efficient

36. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831 • Wheat Harvesting was more efficient, thus more could be planted • Helped turn the Midwest into the “Breadbasket”

37. Agriculture • Increased markets, productivity, respect (foreign) • Become more self-sufficient within our country • Become more reliant on each other to produce the parts of the whole

38. Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

39. ECONOMIC? POLITICAL? The results of early 19c industrialization in America? SOCIAL? FUTUREPROBLEMS?

40. Goal 2 Sectionalism

41. Industrial Revolution • Developed in Great Britain • Came to US because of Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812 (forced us to industrialize as we weren’t trading with Great Britain • Interchangeable Parts • Assembly line and Specialization • Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin • Mass Production – less skill needed • Lowell System – textile industry • Developed the modern factory idea • Highly organized – basically little towns of their own

42. Lowell Mill

43. Starting for Lowell

44. Lowell Girls

45. Lowell Boarding Houses

46. Lowell Mills Time Table

47. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

48. Society • North • Societal Changes – making NE perfect for industry • Owners of Industry – protected by courts and government • Laborers – skilled artisans forced to become factory workers to compete • First Labor Unions Develop – because Middle Class is disappearing; cities becoming a concentration of lower class people • Anti-slavery movement • South • Based on agriculture – little urban development and commericalization • Plantation owners • Planters • Farmers • Slaves – became very profitable to sell/trade w/in the US as Slave Trade was banned internationally

49. Cotton is King • Cotton is a valuable crop but requires great hand labor – i.e. need for slave labor • Invention of Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney – reduced time and cost to separate cotton from the seed • Increased capacity for cotton production with the addition of the western lands • By 1820 more cotton was produced than any other crop in the South • Cotton becomes ½ the value of American exports by 1840 • Price of a slave went from $600 in 1802 to $1,800 in 1860

50. Sectional Differences • Views differed on many issues • See back of paper • Land • Free Land vs. Market Value • Debate over how to expand in the west • Tariff of 1816 • High vs. Low: North advocates for high to protect against British/Foreign goods and South Advocates for Low • Increased cost of manufactured goods 20-25% • Slavery • North – abolition movement picking up steam • South – “necessary evil” to a “positive good”