International E-Conference on Economy under Sanction 22 September 2013

1. International E-Conference on Economy under Sanction22 September 2013 Ecomonic Sanctions and Political Cultures: the Relationship between the Sanction and Variables such as Human Rights, Consume Freedom and Political Life of the Host (the Case Study is Iran) Carmen Bizzarri European University of Rome

2. Sanctions: a mode for the UN to control the economy, technologies and society The economies so far with this government are selling all of their energy resources and have in surplus exports, but once the resources are missing? Sanctions: a tie for development of Iran ?

3. Economic Problems in Countries with Sanctions • In the tourism sector the hotel chains do not invest for the loss of international competitiveness of the country and the political instability and the difficult relations with policy makers(trade diversion) • The hand-made enterprises and small businesses fail to emerge because of the difficulty of obtaining raw materials, except that petroleum and its derivatives, are very expensive due to the high import taxes (import substitution)

4. FOREIGN TRADE BALANCE  in IRAN  (mln USD) Source: Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran

5. Balance of Payments and Tourist Development • In Iran, the balance of payments is upset towards exports of oil products, the expenditure of the tourists is diverted for hand-made products, low-tech and non-competitive. • The exchange rate may facilitate the exchange of currency and facilitate trade, but you need the stability of the value of the currency that is not made ​​so by political events.

6. The Expense of the Tourists and Local Development • To start a local development derived from tourism activities is required the expenditure of tourists • The tourist spends on goods from local crafts and in any case, so that the foreign tourist fulfilled on site are a real export.

7. NUMBER OF PASSENGERS CARRIED BY DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS in IRAN (1000 persons) Source: Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran

8. Security: Economic Problems • This lower investment capacity is associated with the problem of security of international tourists who want to have when they are abroad convenience that they have in their countries. • Although the adventure is a reason to get out of their habits, it is also true that the tourist anyway certainty, convenience and does not want to be denied and among these safety is the first.

9. Iran: a Future in Tourism? • From the premises does not seem easy development of international tourism in Iran, a country to which sanctions have taken away the ability of investment. • The local community is not a Party of policy decisions, and especially of tourism planning • The local craftsman is little known and poorly developed • The network infrastructure and transport is very poor and unsafe.

10. Policy of Tourist Development • The potential to develop tourism products for international markets (diving, winter sports, hiking) exists in terms of resources but is inhibited by cultural and political barriers as well as a lack of investment in facilities and transport infrastructure. • Indigenous communities have little awareness of tourism and little control over much potential development or access to tourism markets.

11. Is it Possible to Think Sanctions an Opportuny for Tourist Sector? • Iran receives a large pilgrimage market based on these Shiite shrines, as well as pilgrims travelling through Iran on their way to and from Mecca in Saudi Arabia and Karbala in Iraq. • Incentive to produce on its own, and to produce all the goods within internally, prompting a search for new technologies within the country - import sostitution for tourist sovernirs and innovation. •   Incentive to develop tourism niche and luxury to mantain high quality of environmental resouces.