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Agriculture

Agriculture. AP Human Geography. Essential Questions. What are the origins of agriculture? How do MDC’s and LDC’s differ in terms of agriculture? What are different types of agriculture? How do we feed a growing global population?

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Agriculture

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  1. Agriculture AP Human Geography

  2. Essential Questions • What are the origins of agriculture? • How do MDC’s and LDC’s differ in terms of agriculture? • What are different types of agriculture? • How do we feed a growing global population? • What impact does commercial agriculture have on the environment?

  3. Meaning of Agriculture • Latin agricultura • Ager= field • Cultura= cultivation • Cultivation/ tilling of the field • The intentional growth and processing of plants and animals for food, fibers, and other by-products. • May be for sustenance or economic gain.

  4. Agriculture

  5. Agriculture

  6. Agriculture

  7. Hunter/ Gatherer Society • Pre- agriculture (10,000 BC to 3,000 BC) • Early humans • Hunting • Animals, fish • Gathering • Nuts, berries, wild plants, fruits, roots • Life centered around finding food for survival • Small groups moved based on access to food • ¼ million people today in remote parts of the world.

  8. Hunting and Gathering

  9. Origins of Agriculture • Accident? • Multiple hearths 5,000 to 10,000 years ago • 1st Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic) • End of H&G, planting of seeds • Southwest Asia (Middle East) • Barley, wheat, olives, cattle, goats, pig, sheep • Africa • Sorghum, yams • East Asia • Rice, millet • Latin America • Beans, potato, cotton, squash, maize (corn)

  10. Map of Hearths

  11. Other Major Developments • 2nd Agricultural Revolution • 1800’s in Europe • Same time as Industrial Revolution • Focus on creating food surpluses to feed factory workers. • 3rd Agricultural Revolution (GREEN REVOLUTION) • Started in 1930’s in U.S. Midwest • Genetic modification of seeds • Fertilizers • Increased crop yields, less hunger • Environmental hazards/ decreased biodiversity

  12. Two Types of Ag Today: Subsistence and Commercial Subsistence Commercial Food is sold to larger company, who sells to producer. Profit Single crop (wheat, corn) MDC’s 5% farmers Machinery/ transportation/ fertilizers A few large farms • Food is consumed by farmer’s family, maybe locals. • Survival • Variety of crops • LDC’s • 50% farmers • Basic tools and techniques • Many small farms

  13. Commercial Agriculture

  14. Subsistence Agriculture

  15. Agribusiness • The businesses involved in food production. • “Corporate owned farms” • Farmers themselves don’t make lots of $$$ but owners of corporations do. • Companies include: Monsanto, Cargill, John Deere,

  16. Shifting Cultivation (Slash and Burn) • Practiced in tropical and sub- tropical climate zones (warm, lots of rain) • Land is cleared of larger trees by cutting and burning….potash fertilizes soil. • Soil is farmed for a few years then a new area is cleared. • Common crops: rice, corn, cassava, yams, sugarcane. • Traditionally, land was owned by village; private ownership is becoming more common. • Deforestation, global warming, erosion.

  17. Pastoral Nomadism • Subsistence agriculture based on herding animals • Camels, goats, sheep…depends on environment. • Milk, hides, not always meat • Southwest Asia, N. Africa (drier areas) • Very spread out • Nomad= one who wanders/ no home • 15 million worldwide • Transhumance- migration of animals between highland (mountains) and lowland (valleys.)

  18. Bedouins (SW Asia) and Maasai (Kenya)

  19. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture • Found in densely populated areas of East, Southeast, and South Asia. • Small, fragmented plots of land • High agricultural density= waste no land • Careful agricultural practices produce highest yields of crops. • “Get as much as you can from the land”

  20. Wet Rice Farming • Seedlings are grown on dry land and transplanted to “sawahs” or “paddys”, which are flooded fields. • Grows best on flat land (valleys) but growth in population has led to terracing. • Small % of land, but most important source of food for Asians. • Time consuming and labor intensive…mostly done by hand.

  21. Terracing • Terraces are used in farming to cultivate sloped land. • Provides more surface area to grow crops on. • Rice terrace in Philippines 

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