CONCEPTS OF HEALTH – DISEASE AND HISTORY OF DISEASE

1. CONCEPTS OF HEALTH – DISEASE ANDHISTORY OF DISEASE

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3. AGENT – HOSTENVIRONMENT INFECTION DISEASE DEPEND UPON FACTORS – CONTACT BETWEEN INFECTIOUS AGENT AND A SUSCEPTIBLE PERSON KNOWN AS THE HOST. THE DURATION AND EXTENT OF ITS EXCRETION FROM AN INFECTED PERSON. THE CLIMATIC CONDITION AFFECTING SURVIVAL OF THE AGENT.

4. RELATIONSHIP AMONG INFECTIOUS AGENTS OF DISEASE , THE HUMAN HOST AND HIS ENVIRONMENT ALSO EXIST AMONG NON INFECTIOUS ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS - HOST - ENVIRONMENT For example: CANCER Maybe depend apon the extent of EXPOSURE to the CARCINOGENIC AGENT , the dose of the agent, the genetic and the environment.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF AGENTS, HOST AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR AGENTS OF DISEASE AS EXAMPLE Etiological Factors 1.Nutritive elements Excesses --------------- Cholesterol Deficiencies --------------- Vitamins, Proteins 2.Chemical agents Poisons --------------- CO gas, CCl4, Drugs Allergens --------------- Regweed, Medication 3.Physical agents ----------------------------------- Ionizing radiation 4.Infectious agents Bacteria ------------- Typhoid, TBC. Parasite ------------- Hookworm Virus ------------- Hepatitis A, Mumps

6. HOSTS FACTOR (INTRINSIC FACTORS) – INFLUENCE EXPOSURE , SUSCEPTABILITY OR RESPONSE TO AGENTS Example 1.Genetic Sickle cell disease 2.Physiologic State Fatique, Fregnancy, Stress. 3.Human Behavcior Personal hygiene Food handling Diet Recreation Utilization of Health Resources

7. ENVIRONMENT FACTOR (EXTRINSIC FACTORS) 1.BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT - Infectious agent of disease - Reservoir of infection (animal) - Vector which transmit disease (flies and mosquito) - Plants and animals (food )

8. ENVIRONMENT FACTOR (EXTRINSIC FACTORS) 2.SOSIAL ENVIRONMENT - Economic - Political organization - Culture - Community

9. ENVIRONMENT FACTOR (EXTRINSIC FACTORS) 3.PHYSICAL / CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT - Heat - Light - Air - Water - Radiation - Gravity - Atmospheric pressure - Chemical agents of all kinds

10. INTERRELATION OF FACTORS)(ECOLOGIC MODELS) THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE HOST AGENT ENVIRONMENT

11. WHEEL MODELS OF MAN-ENVIRONMENTINTERACTION HOST Genetic core Physical Environment Social Environment BIOLOGI ENVIRONMENT

12. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR (EXTRINSIC FACTORS) – INFLUENCE EXISTENCE OF THE AGENTS , EXPOSURE OR SUSCEPTABILITY TO AGENTS Example 1.Physical environment Geology , Climate 2.Biologic environment Human population Density Flora Source of food Fauna Food sources, Vector 3.Sosioeconomic Environment occupation Exposure to chemical agents Urbanization Urban crowding

13. CAUSATION OF DISEASES POOR HEALTH GOOD HEALTH GENETIC FACTORS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (INCLUDING BEHAVIOURS)

14. DEATH NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE GOOD HEALTH SUBCLINICAL CHANGES CLINICAL CHANGES RECOVERY

15. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY MODE OF TRANSMISSION CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY SELECTED EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURE 1.Dynamics of Spread through Human Population Sample A.Spread by “common vehicle “ INGESTION WITH: WATER-FOOD-BEVERAGE Salmonella INHALATION IN AIR BREATHED Flu INOCULATION (INTRAVENOUS-SUBCUTANEOUS) Hepatitis B B.Propagation by serial transfer From HOST to HOST. -RESPIRATORY ROUTE OF TRANSFER Measles -ANAL-ORAL ROUTE Shigellosis -GENETAL ROUTE Syphilis

16. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY MODE OF TRANSMISSION CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY SELECTED EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURE 2.Portal of Entry (and Portal of Exit) Samples in Human Host -Upper Respiratory Tract Diphtheria Lower Respiratory Tract Tuberculosis Gastrointestinal Tract Typhoid fever Genitourinary Tract Gonorrhea Conjunctiva Trachoma Percutaneous Leprospirosis Percutaneous (bite of arthropod) Yellow fever

17. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY MODE OF TRANSMISSION CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY SELECTED EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURE 3.Principal Reservoir of Infection Samples -Man Infectious hepatitis -Other vertebrates (zoonoses) Tularemia -Agent free living Histoplasmosis

18. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY MODE OF TRANSMISSION CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY SELECTED EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURE 4.Cycles of Infections Agent in Nature Samples -Man – man Inluenza -Man – arthropod – man Malaria -Vertebrate-vertebrate-man Psitacosis -Vertebrate-artropod-vertebrate-man Viral ence phalitis

19. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY MODE OF TRANSMISSION CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN INFECTIONS BY SELECTED EPIDEMIOLOGIC FEATURE 5.Complex Cycles Samples In certain helminth infections Paragonimiasis The cycle is as follow: Ovum – miracidium – cercaria – adult – ovum ( in snail ) (in crab, (in man) crayfish)

20. NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE

21. STATENATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE STAGE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY PRESYMPTOMATIC DISEASE CLINICAL DISEASE DISABILITY

22. STATEOF SUSCEPTIBILITY RELATION BETWEEN : HOST – AGENT – ENVIRONMENT RISK FACTOR: HOST (fatique)  ALCOHOL  PNEMONIA OBESITAS  SMOKING  CORONAIR HD. SUSCEPTIBILITY, RELATED TO: AGE-SEX-LIFE STYLE-CULTURE-ETC

23. STATEOF PRESYMPTOMATIC DISEASE DISEASE NOT CLEAR PATHOLOGIC DISORDER IS CLEAR DISORDER STILL UNDER CLINICAL HORISON LINE. ( THE BORDERS OF CLINICAL MANIFESTATION AND PATHOLO GICAL CONDITION) Eq. Atherosclerotic (+) before SUDDEN DEATH

24. STATEOF CLINICAL DISEASE CHANGES OF ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OF ORGANS SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES (+) DISEASE CAN CLASIFIED ACCOEDING TO : LOCATION HISTOLOGICAL PSYCHOSOSIAL

25. STATEOF DISABILITY DISEASE  CURE  DISABLE  DEATH Eq. VIRUS DISEASE SELF LIMITING DISEASE. COMPLICATION (ENCHEPHALITIS) HT  STROKE  HEMIPLEGIA.