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Factors Influencing Childhood Obesity: A Critical Look at the Epidemic

Factors Influencing Childhood Obesity: A Critical Look at the Epidemic. By: Sarah Murphy and Elizabeth Torrence. The epidemic at a glance. " Obesity now affects 17% of all children and adolescents in the United States - triple the rate from just one generation ago .”

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Factors Influencing Childhood Obesity: A Critical Look at the Epidemic

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  1. Factors Influencing Childhood Obesity: A Critical Look at the Epidemic By: Sarah Murphy and Elizabeth Torrence

  2. The epidemic at a glance... "Obesity now affects 17% of all children and adolescents in the United States - triple the rate from just one generation ago.” "The percentage of children aged 6–11 years...who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 20% in 2008.” "...80% of obese children are destined to become obese adults.” (1)

  3. The epidemic at a glance... "Overweight and obesity are the result of “caloric imbalance”—too few calories expended for the amount of calories consumed—and are affected by various genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors." - Center for Disease Control and Prevention (1)

  4. Our Cause for Research In considering factors contributing to childhood obesity, we will focus primarily on the social aspect of the epidemic.

  5. Social Causes for Childhood Obesity • The nationwide effect • Family demographics and lifestyle • The extent to which nutrition and physical education are promoted in public schools

  6. The Nationwide Epidemic • The fast-paced lifestyle and over consumption of fast food. • The cost of food • Technology and its effect

  7. The Fast-Paced Nation • Parents' consumption of fast food affects child's consumption. • Societal attitude of "time convenience" and its effect on children • The proportional relationship between unhappiness and obesity (2)

  8. Fast-Food • Positive correlation between childhood obesity and fast-food consumption • Modifiable determinants of childhood eating behaviors: availability and convenience • A price comparison of fast-food and fresh food (3)

  9. Overall Costs of Childhood Obesity Increasing prevalence of childhood obesity correlates to increasing health care costs -- convenience? (4)

  10. Technological Influence on Obesity • The genetic contribution of parental weight • Child's technological exposure correlates to parental exposure. • Children engaged in >/= 2 hrs. exposure are twice as likely to be overweight than those engaged in < 2 hrs. (5)

  11. Parental Correlation to Lifestyle • >32% of children with 2 overweight/obese parents were overweight. • 13% of children who had 1 overweight/obese parent were overweight. • 4% of children who had normal weight parents were overweight. (5)

  12. The Results of the Environment • The combined influence of physical activity and television watching on weight status • Television viewing hours and the direct correlation to lack of physical activity (6)

  13. Parenting Style • Deficient Parenting Contributes to Obesity • Care Neglect • Supervisory Neglect (7)

  14. Parenting Style • Single Parent Household • Obesity more prevalent • 41% single parenting vs. 31% dual parenting • Role Balancing • Unhealthy Eating Habits • Caloric Intake ~1,920 kcal vs. ~1,860 kcal (8)

  15. Parenting Style • Frequency of Family Dinners • prevention and correction of childhood overweight • healthy eating habits • improve family communication (9)

  16. Income Disparities • Inverse relationship between income and obesity • 1 out of 7 low income children are obese • Obesity rates 70% higher for children in low income families (10)

  17. Income Disparities • Lack of Resources • lower quality • Increased Prices of Healthy Foods • Maximize Calorie per dollar (11)

  18. Income Disparities • Fewer Physical Activity Resources • Unsafe Conditions • Organized Sports • Health Care (11)

  19. School Environment • How it promotes physical education • The extent to which it promotes nutrition education

  20. Physical Education • NASPE recommendations • 150 minutes of physical education/instruction time per week • 1st Graders: 6.6% recommended P.E. 70.7% recommended recess • 5th Graders: 12.4% recommended P.E. 54.2% recommended recess • Healthy People 2010 recommendations (12)

  21. Physical Education • Decreased P.E. in School Systems • Beliefs of Physical Education Professionals • Roots in Health Promotion (13)

  22. Physical Education • P.E. Anxiety • Different Approach to P.E. • maximum participation • success oriented (14)

  23. Nutrition Education • Children obtain about 1/3 of their total energy requirement at school • Children expend about 50% of their daily energy expenditure while at school • NSLP Standards and the problem introduced with "competitive foods" (15)

  24. Nutrition Education "In 2000, food and beverage items were sold to students from vending machines, school stores, or snack bars in 98 %of secondary schools, 74 %of middle schools, and 43 % of elementary schools." (15)

  25. Nutrition Education • Students' choices are influenced simply by the food environment • The necessity for AVAILABILITY • Classroom curricula as a part of the initiative • Promotional activities- fundraising through walk-a-thons rather than vendors (15)

  26. Nutrition Education • The implications of economics • Low-income more likely than higher income to regard the price of food as important (71% v. 36%) • The importance of food resource management: in homes and in schools (16)

  27. Experimental Data

  28. Experimental Data

  29. Conclusions • The clear problem of childhood obesity • The future of healthcare if the problem is not addressed • The influence on everyone, not just obese citizens

  30. The inadequacy of attempted solutions... • As a nation, we are failing at promoting nutrition education in all sectors of life • Nutrition education and reversal of societal trends- the ways to remedy the disease

  31. Further Research • Exploring the psychology of what encourages sedentary behavior • Examining the motivation for overeating

  32. The Call to Action • Encouraging education from the private sector to the public sector: discouraging popular behaviors • Nutrition education requirements for food assistance programs • Physical activity as part of daily living- making it fun!

  33. Be knowledgeable, spread the knowledge!

  34. Works Cited 1. Center for Disease Control. Overweight and Obesity Trends: U.S. Obesity Trends. 2012. Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/trends.html (accessed 12 April 2012). 2. Chang H, Nayga R. Childhood Obesity and Unhappiness: The Influence of Soft Drinks and Fast Food Consumption. Springer Science and Business Media 2009. Internet: http://www.springerlink.com/content/a683400u364h127t/ (accessed 20 March 2012).3. Khan T, Powell L, Wada R. Fast Food Consumption and Food Prices: Evidence from Panel Data on 5th and 8th Grade Children. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Obesity 2011: Vol. 2012, Article ID 857697. Internet: http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jobes/2012/857697/ (accessed 28 March 2012).4. TransandeL, Chatterjee S. The Impact of Obesity on Health Service Utilization and Costs in Childhood. Nature Publishing Group: The Obesity Society 2009: Volume 17, Number 9, 1749-1754. Internet: http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v17/n9/abs/oby200967a.html (accessed 10 March 2012).

  35. Continued… 5. Steffen L, Dai S, Fulton J, Labarthe D. Overweight in Children and Adolescents Associated with TV Viewing and Parental Weight. American Journal of Preventative Medicine 2009: Vol 37, Issue 1. Internet: http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(09)00235-9/abstract (accessed 20 March 2012). 6. Perez A, Hoelscher D, Springer A, Brown S, Barroso C, Kelder S, Castrucci B. Physical Activity, Watching Television, and the Risk of Obesity in Students, Texas 2004-2005. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Preventing Chronic Disease- Public Health Research, Practice, and Policy 2011. Vol 3, No 3. Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/PCD/ISSUES/2011/may/pdf/10_0007.pdf (accessed 10 March 2012). 7. Knutson J, Taber S, Murray A, Valles N, Koeppl G. The Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity in a Disadvantaged Sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2009; 35(5): 523-532. Internet: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu:8080/pmc/articles/PMC2910942/?tool=pubmed (accessed 31 March 2012).

  36. Continued… 8. Huffman F, Kankireddy S, Patel M. Parenthood - A Contributing Factor to Childhood Obesity. International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health 2010: 7(7) 2800-2810. Internet: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu:8080/pmc/articles/PMC2922726/?tool=pubmed (accessed 31 March 2012) 9. SenB. Frequency of Family Dinner and Adolescent Body Weight Status: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey. Obesity a Research Journal 2006: 14, 2266-2276. Internet: http://www.nature.com/oby/journal/v14/n12/full/oby2006266a.html (accessed April 4 2012). 10. BabeyS, Hastert T, Wolstein J, Diamant A. Income Disparities in Obesity Trends Among California Adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 2010: 100(11). Internet: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2010.192641?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed (accessed April 4 2012).

  37. Continued… 11. Food Research and Action Center. Food Insecurity and Obesity: Understanding the Connections. 2012. Internet: http://frac.org/ (accessed 12 April 2012). 12. Fernandes M, Sturm R. The Role of School Physical Activity Programs in Child Body Mass Trajectory. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2011; 8(2): 174-81. Internet: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu:8080/pmc/articles/PMC3074953/?tool=pubmed (accessed 25 March 2012). 13. PrusakK, Graser S, Pennington T, Zanandrea M, Wilkinson C, Hager R. A Critical Look at Physical Educaiton and What Must Be Done to Address Obesity Issues. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance 2011: 82(4). Internet: http://global.factiva.com.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu:8080/ha/default.aspx (accessed 25 March 2012). 14. Gregory G, Reese S. Childhood Obesity: A Growing Phenomenon for Physical Educators. Education 2006; 127(1) 121-124. Internet: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu:8080/ehost/detail?sid=a988f401-fd65-47ae-9133-ff3e343712e3%40sessionmgr4&vid=4&hid=19&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=a9h&AN=22826813 (accessed 25 March 2012).

  38. Continued… 15. KoplanJ, Liverman C, Kraak V. Predicting Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, the National Academy of Sciences 2005. Internet: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309091969 (accessed 26 April 2012).16. Miller C, Branscum P. The Effect of a Recessionary Economy on Food Choice: Implications forNutrition Education. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2012: Vol 44, No 2, 100-106. Internet: http://www.jneb.org/article/S1499-4046(11)00048-0/abstract (accessed 13 April 2012).

  39. "Childhood obesity isn't some simple, discrete issue. There's no one cause we can pinpoint. There's no one program we can fund to make it go away. Rather, it's an issue that touches on every aspect of how we live and how we work." –Congressional Black Caucus Foundation Legislative Conference,

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