Socio-Cultural Issues Affecting Performance

1. Socio-Cultural Issues Affecting Performance Contemporary Issues Ethics and Deviance in Sport

2. Learning Objectives Learning Objective: Understand the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport Learning Outcomes: All: Describe the types of drugs/doping, reasons for and strategies to prevent violence and the effects of gambling in sport Most: Explain, giving sporting examples, the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport Some:Evaluate the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport, on the performer and the sport

3. Key Terms Drugs Doping Violence Gambling

4. DRUGS AND DOPING IN SPORT • Doping debate – should athletes use drugs? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dihP00AQa1o • A history of Olympic drug cheats https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ch44xW7-hNM • Lance Armstrong – I’d do it again https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzvZNQKowMU

5. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping

6. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping • Many sports performers use legal supplements to maximise training and performance in sport. Even these could be viewed by some people as cheating since they aid performance, but they are accepted by sports administrators because they do not significantly enhance performance or significantly affect the performer’s health and well-being • Legal supplements – e.g. vitamins and minerals are freely available. However some manufacturers claims that they help sports performance are based on questionable or conflicting research. Such supplements may not be safe to use, particularly in high doses.

7. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping

8. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping

9. Reasons why elite performers use illegal drugs / doping • Pressure to succeed (from coaches, peers, parents etc) • Desire to win • Political pressures (Russia/East Germany – state sponsored doping regime) • Monetary rewards (prize money / sponsorship) • Status • Everyone else is taking them so why shouldn’t I?

10. Consequences / implications to society, sport, performers • Health issues • Banned / stripped of medals • Sports become tainted, resulting in a struggle to gain sponsorship, and a loss of public support • Sponsors are reluctant to lend their brand to athletes who are under suspicion • Damaging press reports leads to supporters becoming disaffected • It reflects the culture of society – seen as corrupt

11. Strategies to stop the use of illegal drugs and doping in sport • WADA • List of banned substances • Research • Regular random drug testing • Education • Pressure from coaches/other athletes • Stricter punishments for drug use • Stripped of medals • Banned from the sport (potentially whole nations)

12. VIOLENCE IN SPORT Violence – intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual and can cause injury or death • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYsW1tdxhRc Examining violence in sport • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzhml222Sqk

13. Implications of violence to society, sport and performers • Role models – children learn violent behaviours • Criminal punishment • Lose sponsorship • Banned – from sport or watching it • Makes the sport look bad

14. Causes of violence in relation to players and spectators • ‘Win at all costs’ mentality • Aggression • Frustration • Reflection on society • Drugs / alcohol • Rivalry • Media • Deindivduation

15. Strategies to prevent violence in relation to players and spectators • Educate • Rules – enforced by referees and coaches • Criminal investigations • Banning violent players / spectators • Fines • Role models • CCTV

16. GAMBLING IN SPORT Gambling is a big business worldwide and has become truly global – the growing availabliity of the internet has given rise to the rapid onset of gambling online. • Match fixing • Bribery • Illegal sports betting

17. Match fixing / Bribery / illegal betting • Match fixing - When a sports competition is played to a completely or partly determined result. It is against the law e.g. South Africa cricket captain Hansie Cronje admitted taking a £68,000 payment from bookmakers for providing them with match information to fix the results of games. He was banned from the sport. e.g. 1915 football match – Man Utd beat Liverpool 2-1 at Old Trafford, the visitors missed a penalty. An investigation was launched after complaints from bookmakers following a run of bets on the correct score line with a goal in each half. e.g. a businessman was convicted of being involved in an Asian betting scam when a series of floodlights failed in top-flight English matches in 1997, they failed at points in the game where the scores were level, a result favourable to the Far East betting syndicate. Jockeys are banned from betting on all horse racing, while trainers can back their own horse to win, but not lose. • Spot fixing – when a specific aspect of a sports competition is illegally pre-determined e.g. a football player being sent off at a particular period of the game, or a cricket bowler delivering a wide at a particular point during a game. List of match fixing incidents - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_match_fixing_incidents Cricket match fixing - https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/cricket/5491542/umpires-outrageous-match-fixing-storm-cricket-match/