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Motor Development: Outline

Motor Development: Outline. Differentiating some important terms Theoretical Positions Methodologies A Lifespan Perspective Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence Adulthood. Motor Development.

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Motor Development: Outline

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  1. Motor Development: Outline • Differentiating some important terms • Theoretical Positions • Methodologies • A Lifespan Perspective • Infancy, • Childhood, • Adolescence • Adulthood

  2. Motor Development study of changes in human movement behavior across the lifespan and the influence of these changes on motor performance (p. 238) How might one assess changes in motor performance?

  3. Growth is generally considered to be an increase in body size or body mass resulting from an enlargement of a biological unit (p. 268)

  4. Maturation is defined as progress toward the optimum integration and functioning of the body’s systems (p. 268) What systems are being referenced here?

  5. Anthropometry Deals with measurement of size, proportions, and composition of the human body (e.g., body composition involves direct anthropometric measures to predict particular aspects of the body - skinfold thickness to estimate body fat)

  6. Size Composition Structure

  7. Interesting current issues • Nature vs. Nurture • Developmental milestones • Continuity vs. Discontinuity • Universality vs. Variability • Assessment

  8. What determines the course of development? • Maturational theory (Gesell, 1920s) • Biological and social development theory (Havighurst, 1950’s) • Intellectual development theory (Piaget, 1960’s) • Information Processing Approach

  9. Assessment • Product • Process

  10. Paradigms • Longitudinal (p. 246) • Cross-sectional (p. 246) • Sequential

  11. Stages and Phases • Stage • Phase

  12. PHASE AGE STAGE Reflex Prenatal Birth Rude 6 month Infancy 2 years Fund Early Childhood 6 years Sport Late Childhood 12 years Adolescence Refine 18 years Peak Adulthood 30 years Regression Older Adulthood 70 years From Gabbard, 1996

  13. Infancy • Reflex is an involuntary movement elicited by a particular source of sensory stimulation

  14. Primitive Reflexes

  15. Postural Reflexes

  16. Locomotor Reflexes

  17. Childhood • Fundamental movement patterns can be described as a common motor act that involves a specific kinematic profile (mature and immature forms)

  18. Adolescence

  19. Developmental changes related to fitness

  20. Involvement in Youth Sports: Focus on away from fitness/health and toward high performance • Emphasis on speed, muscular power, and reaction times • Shift from school to extracurricular (either all or supplemental FOR SOME) • Possibly contributing to data from 1981 to 1996 revealing "the prevalence of overweight increased by 92 per cent in boys and by 57 per cent in girls."

  21. Intensive training and health for the young athlete • Degree of skeletal maturity • Thermoregulation • Nutritional requirements • Psychological implications

  22. Resistive training for the young athlete • Safety in pre-pubescent period • Efficacy of this type of training • Low levels of testosterone • Not muscle development but neural

  23. Adulthood • Peak Performance (25-30 yr)

  24. Studying Aging: Gerontology Aging is inevitable but the process is very variable. Thus, the key is to experience a slow rate of aging.

  25. Demographics of Aging • 1900 ~ 4% of Americans > 65 • 2000 ~ 13% of Americans > 65 • 2030 ~ 22% of Americans > 65 • Health care improvements • Prevention

  26. Aging Process – What’s involved? • Muscle • CNS

  27. Aging Process – What’s involved? • Skeletal System

  28. Development and other Exercise Sciences • Anatomical Kinesiology • Bone • 13% of weight of new born (67% cartilage) • 13% of weight in adult (10% cartilage) • 80 year old male has about 55% (40% -F) bone density of 20 year old (osteopenia) • more porous, brittle, absorbs less energy • Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women • 15% of women of 70 and 50% of women over 80 • Muscle • 25% of infant is muscle while 40% in young adult

  29. Development and other Exercise Sciences • Biomechanics • Inertial changes • Efficiency • external mechanical work / physiological cost • Adolescent Awkwardness

  30. Motor Development: Outline • Differentiating some important terms • Theoretical Positions • Methodologies • A Lifespan Perspective • Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood

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