Reducing Varicella Complications in Women of Childbearing Age

1. Reducing Varicella Complications in Women of Childbearing Age Picture courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Chickenpox Varicella Photos. Retrieved on 10/23/13 from http://www.cdc. gov/chickenpox/about/photos.html.  Lynn M. Scott, RN, IBCLC SUNYIT, NUR 490 November 12, 2013 Infant with hemorrhagic varicella infection with cellulitis. Picture courtesy of American Academy of Pediatrics (no date). Press Room Photos. Retrieved 10/28/13 from http://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/aap-press-room-media-center/pages/AAP-Pressroom-Photos.aspx. Nursing Theory Thielen (2012) states: “Pregnancy itself is not an illness or disease state; rather, it should be seen as a state of wellness. To facilitate behavior that promotes health and wellness, Pender’s (Nola J.) health and wellness model fosters the use of nursing interventions that empower the client’s ability to self-care through education …” (p. 211). Methods The information provided in this presentation was obtained from an integrative literature review of 12 articles obtained from CINAHL and Medline via EBSCO host and include the following types of research and informative literature:Comparative study, cross-sectional study, case study, supplements (3), research letter, pediatric review, vaccine standing orders, critical review, vaccine recommendations, and patient information sheet. EVALUATION STRATEGY Implementation Background • Varicella is predominantly a childhood disease (also known as chickenpox) that is highly contagious and is caused by the varciella zoster virus (VZV) . • With the exception of pregnant women, anyone born in the U.S. prior to 1980 is assumed to be varicella immune. • Most severe cases of chickenpox develop in immunocompromised individuals, adults, and pregnant women and their fetuses. • If VZV is contracted during the first and second trimester (between the 5th and 24th weeks) of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion and premature labor may occur, or the baby may be born with varicella pneumonia, neonatal varicella herpes zoster, or Congenital Varicella Syndrome (CVS), which includes abnormalities of the limbs, central nervous system and cognitive impairment, seizures, and growth deficiency. • CVS, documented as 14 cases in 2,000 deliveries, carries a 30% mortality rate in the first few months of lie. • While at risk for various complications, varicella pneumonia, a high risk complication of VZV in pregnant women, is the most common cause of mortality in this population. • In 2005, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine screening during pregnancy for evidence of immunity to varicella and postpartum vaccination of women without such evidence. EVIDENCE OF VARICELLA IMMUNITY As a result of the information obtained through the research contained herein, policy, protocol, and standing orders on Varicella Vaccine for Postpartum Women are being created for this author’s employer under the advisement of the institution’s Executive Director. Conclusions • Prevention of VZV infection in pregnant women through the vaccination of childbearing-aged women is key to continuing the documented reduction of varicella-related maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. • Varicella vaccination is a safe and effective intervention to prevent VZV infections and complications of the disease in women of childbearing age with 99% immunity protection by administering two doses of VARIVAX®, 4 weeks apart, in postpartum women. Evidence • The decline in the number of cases of VZV has decreased the exposure but increased the susceptibility of women to this virus in their childbearing years. • Pregnant women who are exposed to VZV in the low-risk period of gestation should be evaluated as soon as possible through physical examination and serology testing. Post-exposure prophylaxis with Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin (VariZIG®) as soon as possibly close to exposure should be considered for susceptible candidates in order to avoid potential complications in the pregnant mother (e.g., bacterial superinfection of skin lesions, pneumonia, acute cerebellar ataxia, encephalitis, thrombocytopenia, and Reye Syndrome). It is important that these women are followed up with varicella vaccine upon completion of their pregnancy.. • When pregnant mothers develop VZV between 5 days prior to delivery and 2 days after delivery, their newborns are at high risk for severe varicella complications, specifically an untreated mortality rate as high as 31%, usually from varicella pneumonia. • The assessment of serological data is essential for the appropriateness and impact of counseling, screening, and vaccination for varicella • Healthcare providers should educate their patients about the benefits of varicella vaccination. Indications for the Varicella Vaccine • All adults who do not show evidence of immunity to varicella unless they have one of the following contraindications: Contraindications to the Varicella Vaccine (In childbearing-aged women specifically) • History of allergy or anaphylactic reaction to components of varicella vaccine; • Pregnancy or anticipated pregnancy within 1 month; • Any malignant conditions including blood dyscrasias, leukemia, lymphoma, or any other types of malignant neoplasms of the bone marrow or lymphatic system; • Currently receiving high-dose immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., two weeks or more of 20 mg or greater Prednisone); • CD4 and T-Lymphocyte count <200 cells/uL, and; • Family history of congenital/hereditary immunodeficiency in a first-degree relative. Precautions to the Varicella Vaccine • Receipt of antibody-containing blood products within the past 11 months, and; • Moderate to severe acute illness with or without a fever. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). MMWR: Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG® - United States, 2013. Retrieved on 10/23/13 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6228a4.htm. FDA.gov (2010). Patient information about Varivax®. Retrieved on 10/23/13 from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ ApprovedProducts/UCM165651.pdf. Guido, M., Tinelli, A., DeDonno, A., Quattrochi, M., Malvasi, A., Camplilongo, F., & Zizza, A. (2012). Susceptibility to varicella zoster among pregnant women in the province of Lecce, Italy. Journal of Clinical Virology, 53, 72-76, doi: 10.1016/j.jcv2011.10.007. Hackley, B. (2008). Incorporating immunization services into reproductive healthcare. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 53(3), 175-187. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.01.002. Hambleton, S., Steinberg, S. P., LaRussa, P. S., Shapiro, E. D., & Gershon, A. A. (2008). Risk of herpes zoster in adults immunized with varicella vaccine. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 197, S196-S199. doi: 10.1086/522131. Hendriksz, T. (2011). Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and herpes zoster: Immunization guidelines. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 111(10), S10-S12. Immunization Action Coalition (2013). Standing orders for administering varicella (chickenpox) vaccine to adults. Retrieved on 10/01/13 from http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p3080.pdf. Kett, J. C. (2013). Perinatal varicella. Pediatrics in Review, 34(1), 49-51. doi: 10.1542/pir.34-1-49. Picone, O., Vauloup-Fellous, C., Senat, M. V., Frydman, R., & Grangeot- Keros, L. (2008). Maternal varicella infection during pregnancy in a vaccinated patient. Prenatal Diagnosis, 28, 971-972. doi: 10.1002/pd.2083. PubMed.gov (2005). Chickenpox vaccines: New drugs. A favourable risk- benefit balance in some situations. Prescrire International, 14(77), 85-91. Thielen, K. (2012). Exploring the group prenatal care model: A critical review of the literature. The Journal of Perinatal Education, 21(4), 209-218, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.21.4.209. Wilson, E., Goss, M. A., Marin, M., Shields, K. E., Seward, J. F., Rasmussen, S. A., & Sharrar, R. G. (2008). Varicella vaccine: Exposure during pregnancy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 197, S178-S184. doi: 10.1086/522136. History of varicella or herpes zoster Documentation of 2 doses of varciella vaccine at least4 weeks apart Lab confirmation of varicella immunitywith IgG ELISA lab studies Objectives PICO QUESTION: • Taking into consideration the pros and cons of administering the varicella vaccine, will vaccinating women in the immediate postpartum period decrease the reportable incidences of mortality and morbidity from complications of varicella in childbearing-aged women and, subsequently, their newborns? • Population: Women of childbearing age during the immediate postpartum period; • Intervention:Vaccination with the varicella vaccine; • Comparison:Pros and cons of vaccination, and; • Outcome: A decrease in the reportable incidences of mortality and morbidity from complications of varicella in childbearing-aged women and, subsequently, their newborns.