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The Troublesome Late middle Ages…. Papal Power vs. Royal Power. King Philip IV of France wanted to tax the clergy …. Pope Boniface VIII argued that Philip IV needed the pope’s consent to tax clergy. Philip IV sent troops to capture Boniface Viii….
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Pope Boniface VIII argued that Philip IV needed the pope’s consent to tax clergy.
…Boniface died of shock and no pope tried to assert supremacy over national rulers again!
The French Clement V was “Elected” pope in 1305 (helped a wee bit by Philip IV—the French king)
Pope Gregory XI decided that the prestige of the papacy was declining and returned to the Vatican in 1377 (but died in 1378).
Urban VI was elected the new (Italian) pope in Rome… …the (French) cardinals’ lives were under threat by a mob!
later, they claimed the election null and void and returned to avignon with another (French) Pope, thus…
Church power and prestige never recovered and the hope for Papal Supremacy was lost.
King Edward III of England had a legitimate claim to French Throne after French king’s death in 1328.
The 100 Years’ War continued for about 116 years—on and off…
This war depended less on knights and more on peasant foot soldiers…
High-Tech: The Longbow • improvement over crossbow • Could often penetrate armor • long range capability
Originally developed by the Welsh, the arrows of the longbows literally darkened the skies at Crecy.
French forces were still dependent upon armored cavalry and were extremely disorganized on the battlefield.
King Henry V of England took up the British cause at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415
The French were defeated at Agincourt and things looked hopeless…
Cannons later modernized warfare in the Hundred Years’ War and Castles were no longer effective
A desperate French dauphin, Charles, was looking for some way to turn the tide of the Hundred Years’ war…
…and he turned to a teenage peasant girl (that was hearing the voices of saints) named Joan of Arc.
Joan persuaded Charles to let her go with the French army to Orleans.
“The Maid” inspired the French forces to victory after victory in Northern France…this marked a turning point in the war for France.
Joan of Arc was captured by the English, tried by the Inquisition as a heretic, and burned at the stake in 1431.
Joan’s death made her a martyr that continued to inspire the French forces to drive the English from their land.
In 1920, Joan was canonized and became the patron saint for France, soldiers and rape victims.
The 100 years’ War Ended in 1453…and by the way, the Muslims Captured Constantinople—so much for the Crusades!
England was ultimately left with the port of Calais (on the English Channel) as its only continental French possession.
