Fermilab Accelerator R&D Plan Overview

1. Fermilab Accelerator R&D Plan Overview Steve Holmes Fermilab Indo-US Working Group Meeting August 5-6, 2004

2. The Current Decade • Successful execution of Tevatron Collider Run II is Fermilab’s highest priority for the current decade. • The Run II upgrade plan relies on success in several areas which break new ground in accelerator physics and technologies: • Electron cooling of 8 GeV antiprotons • High flux stochastic cooling • (Active beam-beam compensation) • In parallel we are improving the reliability of a decades old complex, while simultaneously pushing all machines beyond previously established performance levels and supporting a forefront neutrino program.

3. The Current DecadeRun II: Phases w/ design and base projections NOW

4. The Current DecadeBTev Following completion of the CDF and D-0 experiments in 2009, the Tevatron will be utilized in support of a new, ultra-high statistics, B experiment. BTev will utilize a new interaction region (C-0) outfitted with new high performance low beta quadrupoles. • Design based on the low beta quads constructed by Fermilab for LHC. • Operational roughly over the period 2009-2012.

5. Accelerator R&D StrategyThe Fermilab Long Range Plan • Fermilab’s accelerator R&D strategy is motivated by our vision for the future as described in the Report of the Fermilab Long Range Planning Committee (FLRPC) and the Director’s response. Both are available at: http://www.fnal.gov/directorate/Longrange/Long_range_planning.html • The overarching vision is that Fermilab will remain the primary site for accelerator-based particle physics in the U.S. in the next decade and beyond. • As host to a linear collider Fermilab would be established as a world center for the physics of the energy frontier for decades. “The committee concludes that Fermilab should make bidding to host the Linear Collider in northern Illinois its highest priority for the future.” • If the linear collider is constructed elsewhere, or delayed, Fermilab would strive to become a world center of excellence in neutrino physics, based on a multi-MW “Proton Driver”, still with significant LC participation. “We recommend that Fermilab prepare a case sufficient to achieve a statement of mission need (CD-0) for a 2 MW proton source.”

6. Accelerator R&D StrategyThe Fermilab Long Range Plan • Common (scenario independent) elements of the long range plan include: • LHC participation (detector and accelerator upgrades) • Accelerator R&D aimed at the longer term future. • Superconducting magnet R&D • Muon facilities R&D • Generic accelerator R&D • Independent of the two visions, the current plan is the same: • Aggressively pursue parallel, success oriented, programs in linear collider and proton driver until the linear collider status clarifies; • Pursue R&D aimed at the generation beyond.

7. Accelerator R&D StrategyFermilab Assets • A staff of ~2000 with expertise in: • Construction and operations of large, state-of-the-art accelerator facilities • Superconducting magnets and large cryogenics systems • Rf systems and structures • Beam manipulations (cooling and feedback) • Large scale integrated controls systems • Scientific simulations • Five local universities and one local national laboratory with interests strongly aligned with ours. • Argonne National Laboratory, Northern Illinois University, University of Chicago, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Established national and international laboratory partnerships. • ANL, BNL, Cornell, JLab, LBNL, ORNL, SLAC • BINP, CERN, DESY, KEK

8. Linear Collider Activities at Fermilab • Fermilab is the only major institution participating in both the NLC and TESLA collaborations. • Fermilab has been a TESLA collaboration member since the early-1990s. • Significant contributions to the TESLA Test Facility • Operations of the Fermilab NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL) and associated R&D (flat beams, polarized RF gun, etc.) • SCRF development (3rd harmonic deflecting and accelerating structures) • Damping ring design studies recently initiated (with U.S. collaborators) • Fermilab has been a NLC Collaboration member since the mid-1990s • Participation in Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) program • Fabrication of accelerating structures • For the NLCTA “8-pack” test, and as a basis for industrialization • Development of girder designs, permanent magnets, etc. • Development of Engineering Test Facility (ETF) design goals/concepts. • Civil and siting studies (IL and CA; cold and warm) • Bid to host GDI/Central Team

9. Linear Collider Activities at Fermilab Fermilab X-band Structures Program • In three years Fermilab has gone from no experience in fabrication of electron accelerating structures, to producing the best performing structures in the NLC program • Structures “factory” created in the industrial complex • Five of eight structures currently (June 20) operating at NLCTA were fabricated by Fermilab. • FXB-006 was the first structureto achieve NLC specification for gradient and breakdown rate (<0.1 breakdown/hour @ 60 Hz, 400 nsec, 65MV/m). • As a group, the structures in NLCTA are achieving the NLC specification. FXB-006

10. Linear Collider Activities at FermilabFermilab NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory (FNPL) • Participating institutions: • Fermilab • NIU • UCLA • Chicago • Rochester • DESY • LBNL • 15 MeV, laser-driven electron beam facility. • Sister of the TTF injector • 8 nC/pulse • 30 psec (rms) bunch length • Jointly supported by Fermilab and NIU

11. Linear Collider Activities at FermilabFNPL Current Program • Flat Beam ex<<ey • Polarized rf gun • Plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) • Rf gun QE measurements & breakdown studies • 9 cell Superconducting cavity transfer matrix • Gun & solenoid beam based alignment • Injector emittance and beam size comparison with simulation • Plasma density transition leading to electron trapping • Laser acceleration with donut mode laser and open iris structure • Interferometer bunch length measurement, compression & CSR studies

12. Fermilab and the Warm-Cold Decision • Fermilab is committed to significant ILC participation independent of technology chosen. • Major contributions to R&D program following a warm decision: • Structure fabrication and industrialization • Emittance preservation through the linac • Damping rings • Major contributions to R&D program following a cold decision: • Establishment of US-based sc accelerating structure capabilities • Electron source • Damping ring (re-)design • Major contributions to R&D program independent of the decision: • Bid to host • Siting and civil studies • Definition and construction of the major systems engineering test facility • Detector R&D See “SMTF”

13. Fermilab Proton Driver(http://www-bd.fnal.gov/pdriver/) • Motivation: Neutrino "superbeams“ (+rare K decay, lepton violation, etc.) • The Fermilab Linac and Booster are incapable of meeting the projected proton demand in ~2010. • High level parameters: • 0.5-2.0 MW beam power at 8 GeV • 2.0 MW beam power at 120 GeV (6  current Main Injector) • Possible implementations: • 8 GeV synchrotron; or • 8 GeV superconducting linac • The SC linac is preferred: • Better performance over entire energy range • Flexibility (possible e- acceleration)

14. Fermilab Proton Driver • Original Concept: 8 GeV Synchrotron (May 2002, Fermilab-TM-2169) • Long term proton demand seen as exceeding what reasonable upgrades of the existing Linac and Booster can support • Basic plan: replace the existing Booster with a new large aperture 8 GeV Booster (also cycling at 15 Hz) • Takes full advantage of the large aperture of the Main Injector • Goal: 5 times protons/cycle in the MI ( 31013 1.5 1014) • Reduce the 120 GeV MI cycle time 20% from 1.87 sec to 1.53 sec • Requires substantial upgrades to the Main Injector RF system • The plan also includes improvements to the existing linac (new RFQ and 10 MeV tank) and increasing the linac energy (400  600 MeV) Net result  increase the Main Injector beam power at 120 GeV by a factor of 6 (from 0.3 MW to 1.9 MW)

15. Fermilab Proton Driver8 GeV Superconducting Linac • Basic concept inspired by the observation that $/GeV of SCRF has fallen dramatically over last decade.  Consider a solution in which H- beam is accelerated to 8 GeV in a superconducting linac and injected directly into the Main Injector • Attractions of a superconducting linac: • Many components exist (few parts to design vs. new synchrotron) • Copy SNS, RIA, & AccSys Linac up to 1.2 GeV • “TESLA” Cryo modules from 1.2  8 GeV • Smaller emittance than a synchrotron • High beam power simultaneously at 8 & 120 GeV • Plus, high beam power (2 MW) over entire 40-120 GeV range • Flexibility for the future • Issues • Uncontrolled H- stripping • Halo formation and control • Cost

16. Fermilab Proton DriversPerformance Goals

17. Fermilab Proton Driver8 GeV SC Linac: Based on TESLA and RIA Technologies 2.0MW version has 41 klystrons. Both versions support 2 MW from Main Injector

18. Connecting to the Larger WorldSRF Module Test Facility (SMTF) Many U.S. laboratories see SCRF as a key technology in their futures, and have taken the first steps toward collaboration and shared infrastructure. • First meeting at Argonne 2/23/04 • Capabilities & interests • Forming a collaboration • Concept of SMTF • Facility for testing of SRF modules and related equipment • Second meeting on 5/27,28 • How to incorporate LC R&D into this program given a cold decision • Labs Interests (plus LC) • ANL RIA, FEL • BNL e-cool, eRHIC, AGS upgrade • Cornell ERL • FNAL Proton Driver, FNPL • JLab CEBAF upgrade, SCRF Center, FEL • LANL SCRF R& • LBNL LUX • MIT FEL • MSU RIA • ORNL SNS • (SLAC LC) (http://www.aps.anl.gov/asd/SMTF/SMTF.html)

19. Connecting to the Larger World Integrating SMTF, PD, and ILC Resources • The next steps in cold ILC or Proton Driver technology development: • Further development and testing of high gradient modules • Low Level RF controls development • Beam capability desirable, for at least some of the systems (e.g. LLRF) • Phased evolution of the SMTF, in coordination with the GDI, TESLA XFEL 2005-06 2008-… • Broaden the high gradient experience base, develop capabilities in multiple (world) regions, and foster international collaboration.

20. International Linear ColliderSynergies with Proton Driver • We believe that a ~1% system test is required to promote industrialization and to insure reliability of ILC cost, schedule, and performance goals. • The Proton Driver could be configured to allow a 1% systems test based on acceleration of electrons, as part of a GDI sponsored systems test: • TESLA compatible frequencies (1300 and 325 MHz) • Allows making use of considerable investment in industrialization of rf sources and accelerating structures. • Structure development and industrialization • 288 TESLA cavities in 36 cryomodules • Seed project for large scale industrial development (in U.S. and/or abroad) • Infrastructure • While the ultimate goal is the Linear Collider, the Proton Driver would provide significant relevant experience while enabling a forefront physics program even in the event the Linear Collider were delayed.

21. Summary • The vision for Fermilab in the middle of the next decade: • Host lab for an internationally constructed and operated Linear Collider; • Home to a world-leading neutrino program • The preferred outcome is an International Linear Collider • Fermilab is committed to significant ILC participation independent of technology chosen. • Current strategy is pursuit of LC and PD R&D programs in parallel. • We have expressed a preference for the cold technology based on the opportunity for an integrated approach to the two possible futures. “In the event of a cold decision Fermilab would be ready and able to assume the leadership role in establishing a U.S. collaboration to push the SCRF development under the aegis of an international LC organization.” • R&D on a linac based Proton Driver, and SMTF, will be pursued in parallel with LC R&D activities if the technology decision is warm. • We expect to be involved in significant world-wide collaborations in both cases. • LHC accelerator R&D and muon R&D will continue in either case.

22. Beyond 2010LHC Upgrades • The LHC Accelerator Research Program is being established as a continuation of the U.S. LHC Accelerator Project. • The Fermilab proposed responsibility is the development of next generation IR quadrupoles based on Nb3Sn technology. • Natural outgrowth of our high field magnet R&D program: HFDM03: First Fermilab Nb3Sn dipole to reach short sample.

23. Muon Storage Ring • Fermilab is one of the three lead-laboratories for the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider R&D. • Fermilab is host to the MUCOOL sub-activity, which is the R&D program to develop the technologies required for a muon ionization cooling channel. Primary hardware activities: • Study of high-gradient NCRF cavities operating in high-field solenoids (one accelerator PhD to date another active). • Development of liquid hydrogen absorbers (led by ICAR). • 16 collaborating institutions from U.S., Europe, and Japan • The Fermilab group is also instrumental in design & simulation studies focused on significantly reducing the cost of a neutrino factory. (One active PhD student) Goal: Establish the technology base for an affordable, muon-storage-ring-based, neutrino factory.

24. Window burst tests – ICAR Universities Bolometer detectors for Window Beam profile – cryogenic setup– U. Chicago Dark current ring measurements on glass plate – ANL/FNAL/IIT High pressure sealtest for high-pressureRF studies – Muons Inc Liq. H RF Liq. H RF Liq. H Some MUCOOL Accomplishments local to Fermilab & ICAR High-Gradient RF Tests in High Magnetic Field - FNAL Lab G 805 MHzTest Setup COOLING CHANNEL DESIGN

25. MuCool Test Facility MUCOOL Test Facility at end of Fermilab 400 MeV Linac – Fill Liq. H absorbers: U.S. & Japanese prototypes – High-Power tests of 201 MHz & 805 MHz Cavities – Full engineering test of Absorber – Cavity –Solenoid system – Development of new beam diagnostics – Eventual engineering test in high-intensity Linac beam Longer term: Build cooling components for the international (US-Europe-Japan) Cooling experiment (MICE) at the Rutherford Lab.