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AICE International History

AICE International History. Kevin Sacerdote Fletcher High School Neptune Beach, FL USA. AICE International History. Component Two: Outline Study Topic: International Relations, 1871-1918 Cambridge International AS and A Level History 9389. Syllabus for examination in 2015.

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AICE International History

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  1. AICE International History Kevin Sacerdote Fletcher High School Neptune Beach, FL USA

  2. AICE International History Component Two: Outline Study Topic: International Relations, 1871-1918 Cambridge International AS and A Level History 9389. Syllabus for examination in 2015.

  3. Reference Source(s) • War and Peace: International Relations 1878-1941, written by David G. Williamson for Hodder Education as part of their Access to History series (3rd ed. 2009) • ISBN: 978 0340 990 148 • www.hoddereducation.co.uk • www.johndclare.net/Causes_WWI_alliances.ppt John Clare’s information regarding European history is very good.

  4. International Relations, 1871-1918 “Why, and with what results, did a system of rigid alliances develop between European nations?” Cambridge International AS and A Level History 9389. Syllabus for examination in 2015.( p. 17)

  5. Bismarck’s Alliance System 1879-1890 War and Peace: International Relations 1878-1941: Chapter 2

  6. Period of Adjustment 1871-78: German Unification • Defeat of Austria (1866) & France (1871) had a profound impact on international relations • Prior to unification of Germany , a loose confederation existed • 39 states dominated by Austria and Prussia (Rivals) • War erupted, and the North German Confederation was created • Dominated by Prussia • Could impact the European balance of power • France is upset • Franco/Prussian war lead to the Unification of Germany (1871) • German Empire declared in Versailles’ Hall of Mirrors (French Humiliated—Revenche) • Treaty of Frankfurt cedes Alsace & Lorraine, and an indemnity was to be paid

  7. Balance of Power: Post German Unification • Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) • PM House of Commons • “You have a new world, new influences at work, new and unknown objects and dangers with which to cope…The balance of power has been entirely destroyed” • Germany • Formidable & Experienced Military Force • Growing Economic Strength, well-educated populace, Second Industrial Revolution Leader, Great Business Firms (Krupps, Thyssen) • Abundance of Coal, Iron (Ruhr Valley, & Upper Silesia) • Bismarck is well aware of possible dangers ahead

  8. Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898) p. 14 • 1848: Made a reputation as an “Ultra-reactionary” (counter- revolutionary) by backing the monarch in 1848-1849 • 1851-1858 Prussian Ambassador to the German Confederation • 1858-1861 Prussian Ambassador at St. Petersburg & Paris • 1862 Appointed Chief Minister of Prussia • 1866 Established North German Confederation after the defeat of Austria • 1871-1890 Chancellor of the German Second Reich • 1890 Dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II • 1898 Died

  9. The Balkans & the League of the Three Emperors • Created in 1873, allows Germany Isolate France while not having to choose between Russia and Austria at least not right away • The Decline of the Ottoman Turks creates a Vacuum of Power • Bismarck does NOT want to get caught up in a possible future war between Austria and Russia over the Balkans • Balkans a strategic location especially for Russia • Western Shores of the Black Sea, the Straits of Bosphorus, and Dardanellas • Austria fears emerging independent group of Balkan states • Both Russia and Austria attempt to enlist Germany as a future ally • Bismarck proposes the League of the Three Emperors

  10. Reference Sources The following slides are courtesy of John Clare: go to www.johndclare.net/Causes_WWI_alliances.pp And An Introduction To Nineteenth- Century European History 1815-1914, by Alan Farmer. This is part of Hodder Education’s Access To History Series. The ISBN for this particular publication is: 13: 978 0 340 78113 5 More information can be found at the following site: www.hoddereducation.co.uk

  11. The Eastern Crisis of 1875-8 • The League of the Three Emperors Isolated France • Germany, Austria, and Russia • But the elephant in the room would always be The Balkans (for Both Austria and Russia) • The Balkans were the most troublesome area of Europe • Turkish Power in the region was nominal at best • “Peoples of various races and religions coexisted in a state of mutual animosity…slavs becoming very nationalistic …Russia sought to assist the Slavs obtain their independence from Turkey” (Farmer, A. p. 189). • Religious assistance for Christian Slavs versus Muslim Leadership • Russia also seeks profit from a weak Ottoman Empire (esp. control of the Straits) • Austria feared Russian expansion in their own backyard, and Russia’s movement for nationalism within the Habsburg Empire (Farmer, p. 189) • Austria fears that if the multi-national Ottoman Empire fell, theirs could be next. • Germany has no ambitions here, but would probably have to choose a side, and would allow the French to break its isolation by choosing the other side.

  12. The Balkan Crisis 1875-1878 (continued) • 1875 Christian Peasants in Bosnia and Herzegovina revolt against the Turks • 1876 Movement spreads to Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Serbia • Austro-Russia’s relationship gets very tense • Thousands of Russian join in the Serbian cause • Bismarck is lucky that the Russians are not up for another Crimean War situation with the Turks • International Negotiations Began • BUT Turkish atrocities in 1876 in Bulgaria hurts Turkey’s standing in the area • Russia calls for the protection for the Christians in the area (Farmer, 190-191)

  13. Alliances and the First World War: Essential Background - Fact 1 World War I was all about the place of Germany in Europe

  14. Alliances and the First World War: Essential Background - Fact 2 France and Germany hated each other! When Germany became united country in 1870-1, France went to war to try to stop it … but got WHOPPED!

  15. Alliances and the First World War: Essential Background Fact 2 (cont.) France also lost Alsace-Lorraine in 1870-1. The French never forgave the Germans. They wanted REVENGE.

  16. Alliances and the First World War: Germany in the Middle Germany’s BIG problem was that it was IN THE MIDDLE. That made it VULNERABLE if it came to a war.

  17. Alliances and the First World War: Three Emperors’ League, 1881 In the 19th century, Germany’s brilliant Chancellor, Bismarck, solved this problem by keeping friends with RUSSIA and AUSTRIA-HUNGARY (the Dreikaiserbund).

  18. Alliances and the First World War: Triple Alliance, 1882 Then Bismarck allied with Italy and Austria-Hungary (the TRIPLE ALLIANCE, 1882). Together with his friendship with Russia, this kept Germany safe.

  19. Alliances and the First World War: Germany encircled But when Kaiser Wilhelm became Emperor, he dumped the Russian alliance. He kept the Triple Alliance, but this did NOT solve the problem of Germany’s encirclement.

  20. Alliances and the First World War: Franco-Russian Alliance, 1892 Instead, in 1892, Russia made an alliance with FRANCE. Although it was only a DEFENSIVE alliance, it was Germany’s worst nightmare!

  21. Alliances and the First World War: Webs of Alliances There were many more alliances.

  22. Alliances and the First World War: Anglo-Japanese Naval Agreement, 1902 A very important one was the 1902 Anglo-Japanese naval alliance, which freed up Great Britain from protecting its Empire in the far east…

  23. Alliances and the First World War: Entente Cordiale, 1904 … whichallowed Britain to make the Entente Cordiale (‘friendly relationship’) with France in 1904.

  24. Alliances and the First World War: Triple Entente, 1907 In 1907 Russia joined Britain and France to make the Triple Entente. So by 1914 Europe had divided into two massive superpower blocs. People thought this BALANCE OF POWER would keep the peace.

  25. Alliances and the First World War: The Balkans But Russia was also allied to Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. When trouble erupted in the Balkans in 1914, the nations found their alliances dragged them into war…

  26. Alliances and the First World War: How the Alliances caused war … like mountain climbers tied to the same rope. (i.e. it is arguable that THE SYSTEM OF ALLIANCES CAUSED WORLD WAR ONE.)

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