LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE

1. LINCOLNSHIRE FIRE & RESCUE BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 1 Building Types and Components

2. AIM To provide students with a basic understanding of building design and the principal components.

3. At the end of the session students will be able to: LEARNING OUTCOMES • State the commonly used construction materials and types. • Identify types of doors and windows commonly used. • List the principal components of a staircase. • List the types of roof commonly found.

4. COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS • Brick • Block • Stone • Concrete • Timber • Metal

5. BUILDING BOARDS • Fibre • Plaster • Asbestos • Plywood • Block • Plastic

6. TYPES OF BUILDINGS • Solid or ‘traditional’ construction • Structural steel frame construction • Reinforced concrete construction • Modular system construction • Portal frame construction • Composite construction.

7. SOLID CONSTRUCTION • Solid load bearing walls • Set back at upper floors • Commonly made of brick, concrete blocks or stone • Cast iron columns • Cast iron or timber beams • Warehouses, mills, factories and offices.

8. BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

9. STRUCTURAL STEEL • High number of design options • Skeletal framework often complex • Loads carried by beams • Structure is covered by cladding • Large use of glass, polycarbonate and plastic • Large shopping centres, sports centres and multi-storey offices.

10. Roof spans between main beams Main beams Tie Beam Secondary beam Floor spans between main beams Stanchions STRUCTURAL STEEL

11. REINFORCED CONCRETE • Alternative to steel frame • Columns support beams on which are laid slab flooring sections • Columns, beams and slabs integrally cast to form a monolithic structure • Two common methods of construction.

12. REINFORCED CONCRETE(1) Pre cast reinforced concrete frame • Factory produced frame components • Transported for assembly on site • Similar techniques to steel frame.

13. REINFORCED CONCRETE(2) Composite construction • Utilises the advantages of modern lightweight structural steelwork • ‘Marriage’ between steelwork & pre cast concrete columns.

14. Concrete Spine beam Steel Spine beam. Gable columns COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

15. MODULAR STRUCTURES • Pre fabricated components • High design flexibility • Specially designed connectors • Encased in concrete to provide a degree of fire and corrosion protection.

16. MODULAR BUILDING

17. TYPICAL MODULAR CONNECTOR

18. R.C. edge beam Concrete ribs Hollow clay floor blocks Concrete topping Ceiling finish Voids Reinforcement Filler tiles Rib reinforcement HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK FLOORING

19. Floor finish Cement/sand screed Void Internal support Typical hollow floor unit details Cement/sand screed Floor finish Grouted joints Typical channel section floor unit details HOLLOW BLOCK AND PLANK

20. PRE CAST CONCRETE SLAB

21. DOORS, WINDOWS AND ROOFLIGHTS • TYPES OF DOOR • Hinged • Swing • Revolving • Sliding • Folding • Cantilever • Roller shutter

22. HINGED DOORS • Most commonly found type • All close against a rebate on the door jamb • Four commonly found types Flush Panelled Ledged Metal

23. SWING DOORS • Pin hinges allow door to swing in any direction • Door jamb not fitted with a rebate • Often partially glazed using wired glass or copper glazing bars • Found in restaurants, department stores and hotels.

24. REVOLVING DOORS • Present an obstruction to firefighting operations unless dealt with • Usually 4 or 2 ‘wings’ • Designed to be collapsed down • Essential they are used in conjunction with a hinged door.

25. SLIDING DOORS • Solid or lattice construction • Widely used in commercial buildings • Can slide on one or both sides of an opening or into a central recess • Lattice type usually for security or to protect an area such as a lift or lift shaft.

26. FOLDING DOORS • Usually lightweight construction • Similar in design to hinged doors • Two or more leaves hinged together • Whole door opens to one side only • Often used to separate two rooms.

27. CANTILEVER DOORS • Door is counter balanced and pivoted so it rises upwards • Lies horizontal when open • Generally fits flush to the opening when closed • Usually found on garages.

28. ROLLER SHUTTERS • Nearly always made of steel • Small examples can be raised by hand • Large examples usually operated by means of gearing and handle or chain and block • Usually found on commercial premises.

29. FIRE DOORS A standard fire door will: • Serve to contain the outbreak of fire • Restrict the spread of fire gases into otherwise unaffected parts of the building • A closed door restricts oxygen movement, thus helping to starve the fire

30. WINDOWS • Allow natural light into a building • Serve to provide ventilation to rooms • Generally two types, referred to according to the method of opening Casement Sash

31. CASEMENT WINDOWS • The simplest form consists of a rectangular frame with the casement hung on it • When more than one casement can be opened it is referred to as a 2,3 or 4 light casement.

32. VENTLIGHT TRANSOM. FRAME CASEMENT DEADLIGHT

33. SASH WINDOWS • Pivoted sash - opening part supported by pivots at each side of opening part of window or top and bottom • The term ‘SASH’ refers to the opening portion and includes the glass and the surround • Partially inside and outside of opening when open.

34. SASH WINDOWS Sliding sash windows • Slide vertically • Double hung is the common form of this type of sash, both sashes slide vertically in the frame • Another type consists of two sashes, one or both of which can be opened horizontally

36. STAIRS AND ROOFS

37. STAIRS Common materials • Wood • Stone • Pre cast concrete • Steel • Composite

38. STAIRS RISER TREAD NOSING CAPPING STRING BEARER

39. STAIRS HEADROOM BANNISTER RISE NEWEL POST GOING SPANDREL RUN PITCH LINE

40. ROOF DESIGN • Flat roofs • Pitched roofs • Mansard • Trussed • Portal or ridge-framed

41. PITCHED ROOFS

42. PITCHED ROOFS

43. CONFIRMATION Assessments will be based on this lesson and the corresponding study note Learning Outcomes • State the most commonly used construction materials and types • Identify types of doors and windows commonly used • List the principal components of a staircase • List the types of roof commonly found.

44. THE END