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RECONSTRUCTION

RECONSTRUCTION. 1863-1877. How to rebuild the society and economy of the South ? How will 4 million freed slaves fit into society ? How should the Union treat the former Confederate states ? As if they never left, or as conquered territories ?

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RECONSTRUCTION

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  1. RECONSTRUCTION 1863-1877

  2. How to rebuild the society and economy of the South? • How will 4 million freed slaves fit into society? • How should the Union treat the former Confederate states? As if they never left, or as conquered territories? • Who gets to decide the answers to these questions? Questions for America at the end of the Civil War:

  3. Return Southern States to the Union • Rebuild the South’s Economy • Promote the Rights of Former Slaves Federal Government Tries To..

  4. 1.Presidential Reconstruction (1863-1866) Restored all eleven Confederate states to the Union 2.Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction (1866-1875) Harsher treatment of Southern Whites and Protections for Blacks 3. The End of Reconstruction (1875 – 1877) Return to Southern control 3 Phases of Reconstruction

  5. Presidential Plans for Reconstruction

  6. Believes that the South never had the constitutional right to leave the Union, and therefore never had Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

  7. Grant full pardons to any Southerners who • a) take an oath of allegiance and • b) accept the emancipation of slaves • New State governments could be established when 10% of voters took the loyalty oath In Order For Southern States to Rejoin the Union…

  8. Freedman Bureau (1865) an early welfare agency supported by Congressional Republicans, which provided food, shelter, medical aid, and most importantly education to blacks and homeless whites in the south. The Bureau started some 3,000 schools and taught 200,000 African Americans to read before 1870. Accomplishments

  9. Many Republicans in Congress did not want the Southern Governments to be controlled by former secessionists. They felt Lincoln was being too lenient on the South. Opposition

  10. Johnson was a Democratand the only Confederate senator who had remained loyal to the Union during the war. From poor, white southern roots, he held a hatred for southern aristocrats Andrew Johnson’s Plan

  11. Disenfranchisement for • all former Confederate leaders and officeholders • 2) Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property. • The President retained the right to personally pardon any of these “disloyal” persons In Addition to Lincoln’s Plan For Southern States …

  12. Many former Confederate leaders were pardoned and back in office within months. • For example, Alexander Stephens, the former Confederate Vice President, became the U.S. senator from Georgia. • All eleven Confederate states qualified for re-entry to the Union within 8 months. • Black Codes: laws adopted by Southern legislatures to restrict the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans Outcomes

  13. Congressional Republicans, who had originally welcomed Johnson’s hatred of southern aristocrats, became disillusioned Opposition

  14. Congressional / Radical Plan For Reconstruction

  15. Who Were the Members of the Republican party, like Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, who sought civil rights for blacks During the mid-term elections of 1866 support for radicals increased out of fear of Democratic gains. Radical Republicans?

  16. Accomplishments Civil Rights Act of 1866 • African Americans are U.S. citizens Republicans feared Democrats so…. Fourteenth Amendment (r 1868) • All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens • States must uphold “equal protection of laws” and “due process of law” for all citizens

  17. Divided south into 5 military districts, under the control of the Union army • Required each state to 1) ratify the 14th Amendment and 2) provide guarantees for granting universal male suffrage. Congressional Treatment of Southern States…

  18. Congress Johnson vs

  19. Congress and Johnson are at odds. Johnson has vetoed several bills passed by Congress  Congress passed laws to limit Johnson’s presidential power in 1867, particularly his ability to remove civil officers without their consent.  Johnson tries to replace Secretary of War Henry Stanton  Moderates and radicals in Congress united to impeach Johnson.  1 vote short of conviction.  Johnson remained President but his political career was in ruins and he backed down from challenging the Congress Johnson’s Impeachment

  20. Accomplishments Fifteenth Amendment (r1869) • Prohibits any state from denying or abridging a citizen’s right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude” Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. • poorly enforced

  21. Scalawags: poor whites who sought to gain from Republican rule Carpet Baggers: northerners who came south in search of wealth and power African Americans • 1870, Hiram Revels wins Jefferson Davis’ former Senate seat from Mississippi • In 1873 Freed African Americans controlled the lower house of the South Carolina legislature. Southern Republicans

  22. Southerners resent northern interference and aim to maintain white supremacy Over time northerners took less interest in Southern Reconstruction and conservative Democrats regained control Southern Reaction

  23. Discrimination By Law… Black Codes Disenfranchisement: prevent from voting Segregation: separation based on race Through Violence… Ku Klux Klan: used violence to prevent blacks from exercising their rights Through Economics... Sharecropping Tenant Farming

  24. The North During Reconstruction

  25. Industrial Revolution • Pro-business politics • Greed and corruption. During Grant’s administration the idealism of Lincoln’s generation and the radical republicans’ crusade for civil rights were pushed aside.

  26. The End Of Reconstruction

  27. Southern conservatives, known as redeemers, took control of one state after another, promoting states’ rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs and white supremacy. Amnesty Act of 1872 Removed the last restrictions on ex-Confederates and allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. Southern Conservatives

  28. Election of 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel Tilden (Democrat) The election came down to the disputed votes of three states (the three southern states still controlled by federal troops).

  29. Compromise of 1877 Hayes became president if… • he immediately end federal support for Republicans in the south • support the building of a southern transcontinental railroad Reconstruction ended when Hayes formally withdrew the last federal troops from the south

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