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Chapter 1 Sec. 3

Chapter 1 Sec. 3. Scientific Methods. Systematic Approach. All scientist use common procedures as they conduct their experiments Scientific method : a systematic approach used in scientific study

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Chapter 1 Sec. 3

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  1. Chapter 1 Sec. 3 Scientific Methods

  2. Systematic Approach • All scientist use common procedures as they conduct their experiments • Scientific method: a systematic approach used in scientific study • An organized process used to do research and it provides a method for scientists to verify the work of others • All scientists describe their methods when they publish results or the validity of the reported results will be question

  3. Observation • The act of gathering information • The first types of observations made are qualitative data: information that describes a physical characteristic (feel, look, smell, etc.) • Another type of data gathered is quantitative data: the numerical information (how much/little, how tall, how fast, etc.)

  4. Hypothesis • A tentative explanation for what has been observed • State what you believe is happening even though there is no formal evidence to support the statement • Means nothing unless there is data to support it

  5. Experiments • Set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis • One must carefully plan and set up 1+ experiments to test one variable at a time

  6. Variables • A quantity or condition that can have more than one value • Independent variable: the variable you plan to change • Dependent variable: the variable that changes in value in response to a change in the independent variable • Control: a standard for comparison

  7. For example… • You want to test the hypothesis that salt (NaCl) dissolves faster (in a shorter amount of time) in hot water (40° C) than in water at room temperature (20° C). • What is your independent variable? • Temperature • What is your dependent variable? • Time it takes the salt to dissolve in both • What is your control? • Water at room temperature

  8. Conclusion • A judgment based on the information obtained; take the data analyzed and apply it to the hypothesis • A hypothesis can never be proven, if further evidence does not support it then the hypothesis may be discarded or modified • A model is a visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanation of experimental data

  9. Theory • An explanation that has been supported by many, many experiments • States a broad principle of nature that has been supported over time • All theories are still subject to new experimental data and can be modified • Theories often lead to new conclusions • Theories are successful if it can be used to make predictions that are true • Example: Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

  10. Scientific Law • A relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments • When you get the same conclusion about certain relationships and there are no exceptions • Example: Newton’s Law of Gravity

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