Energy Systems in Norway

1. Energy Systems in Norway Kjersti Øyen Skjalg Holther VL Energiesysteme und Energiewirtschaft SS 2005 TU Berlin

2. Outline • Norway in general • Energy usage and production trends in Norway • Hydropower • International trade • Case study: Power Crisis of 2002

3. Norway Greatest City of Sweden • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • Northwestern Corner of Europe • Constitutional Monarchy • Parliamentarism • Pop: 4.6 mill • GDP p. capita (1992): 20 000 € • Geography: Characterized by one large mountain chain from north to south, highland plateau far north, open planes south-east. • Snow 4 months/year in the South, 6 months/year in the north and the mountains • Area: 323 878km2 ~ Italy • Coastline: 58 000 km

4. NorwayOil exporting country • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

5. The Energy balance Source: Statistics Norway • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

6. Energy use per capita in OECD • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

7. Electricity production • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis Total installed power: 28 GW Average hydropower capacity: 119TWh/year.

8. Energy use per carrier and sector • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

9. Use of electricity in private households • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

10. Heating technologies in private households • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

11. Hydropower consumption world wide: • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis Source: Hveding, 1992

12. Hydropower production • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • 99% of electricity production. • 4000 water systems • 7 out of 10 waterfalls utilized • Topography decides how, and in which way one can take advantage of the water: • Short waterfalls and long waterfalls • different energy potential and technology

13. Regulating reservoir • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • Energy potential stored in lakes, or artificial reservoirs (pools) dimmed up. • Season regulation • Short-term regulation, days, weeks • Reservoir capacity • Economic profit

14. Inflow vs. production • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

15. Hydropower potential • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

16. Environmental impacts of hydropower. • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • Pure electricity production • BUT; building water systems involves change or destruction of nature. • Area • Roads • Removing mass, and so on. • Immense alteration of mountain scenery • Fish population and vegetation

17. Power network • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

18. International Cooperation • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • EFTA and EEA • The Baltic see cooperation (BASREC) • Scandinavian cooperation. • The European energy charter • IEA • EUs water directive • Other EU energy programs.

19. Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

20. Nord Pool • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • The Scandinavian Electricity exchange. • Sets the spot price of electricity every hour in the physical marked . • Three main trade groups: • Physical market • Financial market • Clearing

21. Case study:Winter 2002/03 • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • The winter of 2002/03 electricity prices in Norway reached an all time high. Later this incidence has been called the “Power Crisis” • Energy production vary every year,  to balance supply and demand production changes must balance import, export and usage • Northern Europe’s energy system depends on the Inflow. • Problems started right before the drain off season. • Autumn 2002 low Inflow to reservoirs. • Very cold and long winter.

22. Spot-prices 2002-2003 • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

23. Inflow from 1931 to 2002 • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

24. Inflow 2002/03 in Scandinavia • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis

25. Changes in the Northern marked • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • Adjustment in the Northern marked, due to the failed rainfall. • the water energy reservoirs has been a important buffer between production and use • free thermal production capacity from other northern countries was gradually taken in use • import of energy from countries outside Northern became greater • The use of electricity was dimmed, particular by transition to other energy carrier.

26. Compensation • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis *Mostly Russia

27. Price changes. • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • The Prices varied a lot during the whole of 2002, low in the spring, high in the fall • During the winter 2002/2 the spot price varied from 50-80 øre/kWh (=6,25-10 cent/kWh) • It remained higher than normal during the whole spring season.

28. Change in electricity use. • Norway • Energy usage • Hydropower • International • Crisis • Fall 2002; 2% Higher energy use in Scandinavia • First half of 2003; 0,5 Lower energy use in Scandinavia. • Norway decreased their Energy usage, with 4TWh • Crises like this happens every 100-200 years. (Source: Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy)

29. References • Norwegian ministry of Petroleum and Energy 2004: Energi og vassdragsvirksomheten i Norge 2004. OED, Oslo. • Statistics Norway: Energy statistics 2005 www.ssb.no • V. Hveding, 1992: Vannkraft i Norge, NTH Institutt for vassbygging, Trondheim.